托福TPO阅读题汇总 细节题答案.doc
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托福TPO阅读题汇总 细节题答案.doc
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TPO1
Paragraph2:
Thenecessaryspaceisthere,however,inmanyforms.Thecommonestspacesarethoseamongtheparticles—sandgrainsandtinypebbles—ofloose,unconsolidatedsandandgravel.Bedsofthismaterial,outofsightbeneaththesoil,arecommon.Theyarefoundwhereverfastriverscarryingloadsofcoarsesedimentonceflowed.Forexample,asthegreaticesheetsthatcoveredNorthAmericaduringthelasticeagesteadilymeltedaway,hugevolumesofwaterflowedfromthem.Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatwasdepositedastheflowsloweddown.
4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whereisgroundwaterusuallyfound?
○Insidepiecesofsandandgravel
○Ontopofbedsofrock
○Infastriversthatareflowingbeneaththesoil
○Inspacesbetweenpiecesofsediment
Paragraph6:
Thusaproportionofthetotalvolumeofanysediment,looseorcemented,consistsofemptyspace.Mostcrystallinerocksaremuchmoresolid;acommonexceptionisbasalt,aformofsolidifiedvolcaniclava,whichissometimesfulloftinybubblesthatmakeitveryporous.
Paragraph7:
Theproportionofemptyspaceinarockisknownasitsporosity.Butnotethatporosityisnotthesameaspermeability,whichmeasurestheeasewithwhichwatercanflowthroughamaterial;thisdependsonthesizesoftheindividualcavitiesandthecreviceslinkingthem.
10.Accordingtoparagraphs6and7,whyisbasaltunlikemostcrystallineformsofrock?
○Itisunusuallysolid.
○Itoftenhashighporosity.
○Ithasalowproportionofemptyspace.
○Itishighlypermeable.
Paragraph1:
Inseekingtodescribetheoriginsoftheater,onemustrelyprimarilyonspeculation,sincethereislittleconcreteevidenceonwhichtodraw.Themostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedbyanthropologistsinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,envisionstheaterasemergingoutofmythandritual.Theprocessperceivedbytheseanthropologistsmaybesummarizedbriefly.Duringtheearlystagesofitsdevelopment,asocietybecomesawareofforcesthatappeartoinfluenceorcontrolitsfoodsupplyandwell-being.Havinglittleunderstandingofnaturalcauses,itattributesbothdesirableandundesirableoccurrencestosupernaturalormagicalforces,anditsearchesformeanstowinthefavoroftheseforces.Perceivinganapparentconnectionbetweencertainactionsperformedbythegroupandtheresultitdesires,thegrouprepeats,refinesandformalizesthoseactionsintofixedceremonies,orrituals.
3.Accordingtoparagraph1,theoriesoftheoriginsoftheater
○aremainlyhypothetical
○arewellsupportedbyfactualevidence
○haverarelybeenagreeduponbyanthropologists
○wereexpressedintheearlystagesoftheater’sdevelopment
4.Accordingtoparagraph1,whydidsomesocietiesdevelopandrepeatceremonialactions?
○Toestablishapositiveconnectionbetweenthemembersofthesociety
○Tohelpsocietymembersbetterunderstandtheforcescontrollingtheirfoodsupply
○Todistinguishtheirbeliefsfromthoseofothersocieties
○Toincreasethesociety’sprosperity
Paragraph2:
Stories(myths)maythengrowuparoundaritual.Frequentlythemythsincluderepresentativesofthosesupernaturalforcesthattheritescelebrateorhopetoinfluence.Performersmaywearcostumesandmaskstorepresentthemythicalcharactersorsupernaturalforcesintheritualsorinaccompanyingcelebrations.Asapersonbecomesmoresophisticated,itsconceptionsofsupernaturalforcesandcausalrelationshipsmaychange.Asaresult,itmayabandonormodifysomerites.Butthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup’soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,thefirststephasbeentakentowardtheaterasanautonomousactivity,andthereafterentertainmentandaestheticvaluesmaygraduallyreplacetheformermysticalandsociallyefficaciousconcerns.
7.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatmaycausesocietiestoabandoncertainrites?
○Emphasizingtheaterasentertainment
○Developinganewunderstandingofwhyeventsoccur
○Findingamoresophisticatedwayofrepresentingmythicalcharacters
○Movingfromaprimarilyoraltraditiontoamorewrittentradition
Paragraph1:
Thetransitionfromforesttotreelesstundraonamountainslopeisoftenadramaticone.Withinaverticaldistanceofjustafewtensofmeters,treesdisappearasalife-formandarereplacedbylowshrubs,herbs,andgrasses.Thisrapidzoneoftransitioniscalledtheuppertimberlineortreeline.Inmanysemiaridareasthereisalsoalowertimberlinewheretheforestpassesintosteppeordesertatitsloweredge,usuallybecauseofalackofmoisture.
2.Whereisthelowertimberlinementionedinparagraph1likelytobefound?
○Inanareathathaslittlewater
○Inanareathathaslittlesunlight
○Aboveatransitionarea
○Onamountainthathasonuppertimberline.
Paragraph2:
Theuppertimberline,likethesnowline,ishighestinthetropicsandlowestinthePolarRegions.ItrangesfromsealevelinthePolarRegionsto4,500metersinthedrysubtropicsand3,500-4,500metersinthemoisttropics.Timberlinetreesarenormallyevergreens,suggestingthatthesehavesomeadvantageoverdeciduoustrees(thosethatlosetheirleaves)intheextremeenvironmentsoftheuppertimberline.Therearesomeareas,however,wherebroadleafdeciduoustreesformthetimberline.Speciesofbirch,forexample,mayoccuratthetimberlineinpartsoftheHimalayas.
4.Paragraph2supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdeciduoustrees?
○Theycannotgrowincoldclimates.
○Theydonotexistattheuppertimberline.
○Theyarelesslikelythanevergreenstosurviveattheuppertimberline.
○Theydonotrequireasmuchmoistureasevergreensdo.
Paragraph3:
Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.Thisisbecausemiddle-andupper-latitudetimberlinesarestronglyinfluencedbythedurationanddepthofthesnowcover.Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,treestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.Inthetropics,thevalleysappeartobemorefavorablebecausetheyarelesspronetodryout,theyhavelessfrost,andtheyhavedeepersoils.
8.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingistrueoftreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes?
卢
○Treegrowthisnegativelyaffectedbythesnowcoverinvalleys.
○Treegrowthisgreaterinvalleysthanonridges.
○Treegrowthonridgesisnotaffectedbyhigh-velocitywinds.
○Treegrowthlastslongerinthoselatitudesthanitdoesinthetropics.
TPO2
Paragraph1:
Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans—whales,porpoises,anddolphins—aremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke1andblowhole2cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?
Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.
1.Inparagraph1,whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholeincetaceans?
○Itclearlyindicatesthatcetaceansaremammals.
○Itcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals.
○Itisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland-dwellingmammals.
○Itcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans.
Paragraph4:
AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.
7.ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthatBasilosaurus
○livedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatans
○livedatthesametimeasPakicetus
○wasabletoswimwell
○couldnothavewalkedonland
Paragraph3:
Evenintheareasthatretainasoilcover,thereductionofvegetationtypicallyresultsinthelossofthesoil'sabilitytoabsorbsubstantialquantitiesofwater.Theimpactofraindropsontheloosesoiltendstotransferfineclayparticlesintothetiniestsoilspaces,sealingthemandproducingasurfacethatallowsverylittlewaterpenetration.Waterabsorptionisgreatlyreduced;consequentlyrunoffisincreased,resultinginacceleratederosionrates.Thegradualdryingofthesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedabilitytoabsorbwaterresultsinthefurtherlossofvegetation,sothatacycleofprogressivesurfacedeteriorationisestablished.
2.Accordingtoparagraph3,thelossofnaturalvegetationhaswhichofthefollowingconsequencesforsoil?
茅
○Increasedstonycontent
○Reducedwaterabsorption
○Increasednumbersof
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