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3.Acomprehensiveinsightintointernationalportfoliodiversification4
3.1Fromtheperspectiveofinter-countries4
3.2Fromtheperspectiveofportfoliocomponents5
3.3Fromtheperspectiveofothers6
4.Conclusion7
Reference9
Wordsaccount:
1985
1.Introduction
Internationalportfoliodiversificationhasbeenacontroversialissuecurrentlywiththeprominentrevolutiontakenplaceintheglobalfinancialworld.Manymodelsareputforwardconsecutivelytoillustratetherationaleofinternationalportfoliodiversificationandtherefore,manyscholarsareinfavorofthebenefitsbroughtbyinternationaldiversificationonthebasisofitseconomicprinciples.Nevertheless,thetheory’sopponentsarearguingthatthemassivetransactioncost,managerialtuitionandincreasinglyintegratedmarketshavebecometheoverwhelmingbarriersconstrainingtheacquiringofbenefits.
Hence,thispaperaimstogainanobjectiveinsightintothebenefitsbroughtbyinternationalportfoliodiversificationthroughasynthesisofliteraturereview.Theremainderofthisessayconsistsof3sections.Section1willfocusontheanalysisofthebasicrationaleandprinciplesintermsofhowinternationalportfoliodiversifyriskandsection2isgoingthroughtheempiricalevidenceonboththebeneficialimpactsanddetrimentalinfluencesofinternationalinvestmentdiversificationwithacomparableclarificationamongdifferentcountries,specificportfoliocomponents,differenttimeperiodandsomecertainconstraintsrespectively.Thelastsectionprovidessummariesandconcludingremarks.
2.Basicrationaleforinternationalportfoliodiversification
Asthefatherofmodernportfoliotheory,Markowitz(1952)hasintroducedthe“PortfolioTheory”inhisPortfolioSelectionoriginally.Thispath-breakingstudyillustrateshowthewell-knownE-Vrule(Expectedreturn-Variancerule)canbeusedtoreducethediversifiableriskinselectingoptimalsecuritycombinationsundersomeassumptions.Actually,beforethebirthofPortfolioTheory,Hicks(1939)’sRiskCompensationandWilliam(1938)’sDividendDiscountModelhavealreadyillustratedtheconceptofdiversifiedinvestment.Additionally,Marschak(1938)andLeavens(1945)alsodenotedthatpeopleprefertochoosethehighreturn-lowriskyinvestmentproductsandthebenefitsofdiversifiedinvestmentrespectively.ButitisMarkowitzwhoclarifiesthedetailedconductionofportfolioinvestmentclearlyandafterthat,manydifferentinvestmentportfoliomodelshavebeenproposedbysuccessorsstepbystep.
2.1Markowitz’stheoreticalsupporting
ThequadraticprogrammingmodeldevelopedbyMarkowitzquantifiesreturnandriskofasecuritybythemeasurementofitsexpectedreturnandstandarddeviation.Themainpointisthatinvestorsshouldconsiderreturnandrisktogethertodeterminetheallocationoffundsamonginvestmentalternativesonthebasisoftheirreturn-risktrade-off(Kolmetal.,2014).
Asfortherationalefortheriskdiversification,supposingtheweightinaportfolioisequaltoeachother,sotheportfoliovarianceis(notes:
alltheformulasprovidedbyEdwinJ.Elton(2011)):
(2-1)
Definetheaveragevarianceandcovariance:
(2-2)
(2-3)
Thenwegotthevarianceofportfolio:
(2-4)
Supposethatallthesecurities’standarddeviationis
thecorrelationcoefficientbetweenallthesecuritiesis
:
(2-5)
Itisdemonstratedthat
hasapositiverelationshipwithportfoliovariance,whichmeansthatthelessthecorrelationis,thebettertheportfoliodiversified,formingthecornerstoneofmoderninternationalportfoliodiversificationtheory.Sincethefundamentalprinciplesoflaterdevelopedmodelsaresetuponthesimilarrationale,includingAPT,CAPM,ICAPM,Single-indexModel,TwoFundSeparationTheorem,FF3Modelandsoforth(Tobin,1958,Sharpe,1964,Sharpe,1963,Lintner,1969,Mossin,1966,Ross,1976,R.French,1996,Merton,1973),therefore,thispaperdoesnotmakeanystatementabouttheirworkingrulesclearly.
WiththebirthofMarkowitz’sE-Vrule,itisthereforeconvincedthattheincrementalnumberofportfoliosecuritiesisbenefittothereductionofthehighlydiversifiedunsystematicrisk(Grubel,1968).Substantialresearchers,howeverholdthecompletecontrastopinion,demonstratingthatinternationalportfoliodiversificationtheoryisnotalwaysbringingaboutpositivebenefitswithoutanynegativeeffectsinitsexpectedreturnsanditisnotacceptabletolookonlyattheconstantcorrelationsbetweensecuritiessimply(YouandDaigler,2010).
Admittedly,Markowitz’sclassictheoryshouldbetreatedunbiasedregardlessofitsindeliblecontributiontothematurityofmodernportfolioroad.Intherestingpart,massivedifferentviewpointsaboutinternationalportfoliobenefitswillbecomparedanddiscussedcomprehensively,aimingtoofferasynthesizedsighttoalltheaudience.
3.Acomprehensiveinsightintointernationalportfoliodiversification
3.1Fromtheperspectiveofinter-countries
OneoftherepresentativeearlierstudiesonthebenefitsbroughtbyinternationalportfoliodiversificationisGrubel’sresearch(1968).Withtheassistanceofasimplemacroeconomicmodel,Grubeldrawsuptheconclusionfroman11countries’monthlydata,rangingfrom1959to1966,thatpotentialbenefitsareavailableintheinternationalportfoliodiversification.Levy(1970)hasalsoacquiredasimilaroutcomewitha28countries’indices,whilethisstudyalsopointsoutthatsubstantialgainsaremorepossibletowinindevelopingcountries,achievingawidelyacceptanceamongmassivesuccessors(Ibrahim,2006).Nevertheless,thisviewpointhascausedaseriesofbittercontroversyinthelaterseveraldecades.
Manystudieshaveprovidedsufficientevidenceontheobtaininglargestinternationaldiversificationbenefitsonlyinemergingmarkets(BekaertandHarvey(2011),DeJong(2005),Errunzaetal.(1992),DriessenandLaeven(2007)).Themainreasonforthisconclusionisthemoreevidentmarketintegrationinthedevelopedcountries(Chiou,2008).DeRoon,NijmanandWerker(2001)evendenotethatinternationaldiversificationbenefitsaresmallerforinvestorsinUSvis-à
-vistheircounterpartsinless-developedmarkets.Despitethat,Chiouetal.(2009)documentthatdiversifyingportfoliosinternationallyisstillbeneficialeventhoughfinancialmarketsarebecomingmorecorrelated,whichissupportedbythestudiesofCampbelletal.(2001)andHentschelandLong(2003).AccordingtoEunandResnick(1994),itisdemonstratedclearlythatthepotentialgainsfrominternationaldiversificationaremuchgreaterforUSinvestorsthanEastAsianinvestors.Moreover,Odier(1995)evenarguedthathigherreturnsofferedbymanyemergingmarketscomingwithhigherlevelofmarketvolatility,supportingthatthebenefitsindevelopingcountriesareoverestimatedslightly.
Overall,itisgenerallyagreedthattheexistenceofanunstablecorrelationstructuremakesitdifficultforinvestorstodiversifytheirportfolioandtherefore,theinvestorsarenotabletotakefulladvantageoftheentireinternationalportfoliomarket(Shawkyetal.,1997).
3.2Fromtheperspectiveofportfoliocomponents
Turningtotheissueofportfoliocomponent,threeeffectivemeansforindividualstoobtainpotentialinternationaldiversificationbenefitsareFOHFs,ADRsaswellasInternationalMutualFunds.
FOHFs,theabbreviationforFundsofHedgeFunds,isreputedaslowercorrelationswithstockindicesinbothbearandbullmarkets(DenvirandHutson,2006).SinceFOHFshavemoredesirablecorrelationswiththeS&
P500comparedtothehedgefundindex,soitcanbeefficientinamelioratinghedgefund’sperformance,especiallyduringthemarketdownturnsandfinancialcrisis(Jaffer,2003).Whereas,FOHFs’investorshavetopaymoremanagerialtuitionsthanthetraditionalhedgefunds,insomecases,evenhigherthanthetotalexpectedreturnintheinvestmentactivities(Lee,2012).Besidesthat,itisdoubtedthatthereturnsannouncedbyFOHFswerenotnormallydistributedwithexcesskurtosisandnegativeskewness,severelyunderestimatingtheactualrisklevel(Agarwal(2004),(KatandAmin,2002),(FungandHsieh,1997)).
AsfortheADRs(AmericanDepositoryReceipts),MaduraandO'
Brien(1991)regarditasthemostefficientselectionforinvestorstoriskdiversification.Earliertothat,Officer(1987)hasclaimedthatcombinedportfoliosofADRsandUSstocksillustratesignificantlylowervariancethanportfoliossimplyconsistedofUSstocks.Tucker(1987)furtherstatesthatthemarginalbenefitsbroughtbyADRsissimilartotheentireforeignstocks.However,thelimitedavailablenumberofADRsandthecostsofADRs’transactionmayplaceabarrierontheinvestors’preferencetothisportfolioselection(MaduraandO'
Brien,1991).
InternationalMutualFundsisanotherareaforconsiderationvis-à
-visthebenefitsofinternationalportfoliodiversification.TheearlierresearchofEssayyadandWu(1988)assessthediversificationattributionof18InternationalMutualFundsoverthe1977-1984period,discoveringthat15offundshavehighermeanreturnand16ofthemhavelowercoefficientofvariationthanS&
P500.Additionally,RaoandAggarwal(1987)testthatthefund’sestimated
waslessthan
andonly
ofthevariationineachfund’sreturncouldbeexplainedbymarketmovements,showingtheevidencethatInternationalMutualFundsarenot
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