Unit Eight Architecture EngineeringWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Unit Eight Architecture EngineeringWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Itshouldneverbeforgottenthateventhemostmagnificentbuildingswereneverintendedsimplyasworksofart,andthattheyareincomprehensibleifoneisunawareoftheirpurposes,whetherutilizationorsymbolic.Theparticularformsofreligiousbuildings,housesandpalaces,arealwaysareflectionofthedemandsofreligiouscult,ofeverydaylife,oroftheexerciseofpowerinanygivensociety.Lessindependentthanotherartists,thearchitectexerciseshispowersofinventionwithinaframeworkstrictlydefinedbythesocietytowhichhebelongsandtheindividualstowhomheoweseachcommission.Suchconstraints,compellingtoadegreedependentontheparticularageandsociallevel(theGreektemple,theurbandwelling,arehighlystandardizedtypes),imposelimitsoninvention,butalsoconferonarchitectureanimportantsocialsignificance:
buildingsareauniqueembodiment,themostdurable,themostmanifest—oftheneedsanddreamsofmen.
Asurveyeverpointsoutthatthedevelopmentdirectionofbuildinghasbeenfromarttoscience.Constructionstartedwithanart;
designfollowedbyapplyingthemostelementaryscientificprinciplestotheconstructionart;
analysisfinallyenteredthepictureasalmostpurescienceandhasaffectedbothconstructionanddesign,theobvioustendencyisforscience,throughanalysisandresearch,toinfluencemoreandmoredesignandconstructionofbuilding.
Wetakeaninterestinabuildingtothedegreetowhichweseeinit“effects”ofvolume,space,rhythmandcolorthatpleaseus.Incertaincases—anurbandwellingorruralarchitecture,forexample—theseeffectsareverysimpleandresultaboveallfromharmonybetweenabuildinganditsenvironments.Inothercases,theseeffectsareextremelycomplexandcanbeattributedtooneormorecreativeindividualswhohavedeliberatelycontrivedthem.Betweenthesetwoextremes—architecturewithoutarchitectsandthearchitectureofgreatmasters—therearenumerousdegrees,butitwouldbepointlesstodistinguishthem.Itismoreworthwhiletoidentifythevariousmeansofexpressionavailabletoarchitecture:
onlyinthiswaycanweenrichourperceptionofthebuildingsweencounter.
Thus,allinall,forabuilding,aworkofarchitectureistoocomplextobeunderstoodatfirstglance,weshouldsimultaneouslytobeawareofallitselements,includingitshistoricalbackgroundanditsdevelopmentdirection,tolearnhowtoappreciateit,andtoknowwhatitsignifiedtothosewhobuiltit.Theseinitialanalysescanenablepeopletoformaclearpictureofthearchitecture.
NewWords
rhythmn.节奏;
节律
innovationn.改革;
创新
isolationn.孤立;
独立
evaluatevt.评价;
评估
disciplinen.学科;
纪律
amenableadj.服从的;
顺从的
rationaladj.理性的;
合理的
embodyvt.体现;
使具体化
aspirationn.愿望;
渴望
exterioradj.外部的;
外在的
interioradj.内部的;
内在的
simultaneouslyadv.同时地
incomprehensibleadj.不理解的;
不注意的
utilizationn.利用;
本文指功利主义的
symbolicadj.象征的;
本文指象征主义的
cultn.宗教的膜拜;
祭仪
confervt.赋予;
授予
durableadj.耐用的;
持久的
deliberatelyadv.故意地;
精心地
contrivevt.发明;
设计
perceptionn.理解;
感觉
UsefulPhrasesandExpressions
inresponseto适应;
回应
inthisway以这种方式
inthefirstplace首先;
第一
beobligedto愿意的;
乐意的
crosssection剖面图;
截面图
beunawareof没有意识到
startwith从……开始
takeaninterest对……感兴趣
Exercises
TaskⅠAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassage.
1.Whatisarchitectureinaword?
2.WhatarethetwoexpectationsoftheancientGreekswhentheycreatedcities?
3.Inmodernarchitecture,whatdoarchitectsthinkofabuilding?
Why?
4.Whatistheimportantsocialsignificanceforarchitecture?
5.Howcanweappreciatearchitecture?
TaskⅡDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.
1.Architectureisaliberalartthatistaughtatouruniversities,anditisnotarationalcourse.
2.Wren’sbuildingsatOxfordandCambridgehavereflectedthetwoexpectationsofancientGreekswhentheycreatedcities.
3.Thedevelopmentofbuildinghasbeenfromarttoscience.
4.Effectsofvolume,space,rhythmandcolorthatpleaseusareverycomplexinanurbandwellingorruralarchitecture.
5.Itisvaluabletoidentifythevariousmeansofexpressiononthearchitecture:
TaskⅢTranslatethefollowingtermsintoEnglish.
1.建筑艺术
2.建筑师
3.平面图
4.剖面图
5.建筑施工
TaskⅣTranslatethefollowingEnglishphrasestakenfromthepassageintoChinese.
1.tocreatebackgroundarchitecture
2.tomakethenewasbeautifulaswhatwasbefore
3.toindulgethepleasureoftheeye
4.toreadaplanofarchitecture
5.tobeawareofallelementsofarchitecture
TaskⅤTranslatethefollowingChinesesentencestakenfromthepassageintoEnglish.
1.建筑是一门大众艺术。
它是城市的砌块,是一项历经数百万年才能认识其得失的复杂工程。
2.建筑学是我们大学里讲授的一门人文学科,也是一门应该允许理性讨论的学科。
3.从现代建筑史来看,建筑师们认为建筑表现其意义的方式与绘画或雕塑不同,因为它本质上要复杂得多。
4.绝对不应该忘记,即使最堂皇的建筑也绝不是只作为艺术品而建。
5.一项调查曾经指出建筑的发展方向是从艺术到科学。
TaskⅥTranslatethefollowingEnglishsentencestakenfromthepassageintoChinese.
1.Citiesarealwayschanging,growingandbeingaltered,beingdestroyedandbeingrebuilt,andallinresponsetosocialandpoliticalchange,tothedemandsofcommerceandindustry,andtotherhythmsoftechnologicalinnovation.
2.Theparticularformsofreligiousbuildings,housesandpalaces,arealwaysareflectionofthedemandsofreligiouscult,ofeverydaylife,oroftheexerciseofpowerinanygivensociety.
3.Buildingsareauniqueembodiment,themostdurable,themostmanifest—oftheneedsanddreamsofmen.
4.Wetakeaninterestinabuildingtothedegreetowhichweseeinit“effects”ofvolume,space,rhythmandcolorthatpleaseus.
5.Aworkofarchitectureistoocomplextobeunderstoodatfirstglance,weshouldsimultaneouslytobeawareofallitselements,includingitshistoricalbackgroundanditsdevelopmentdirection,tolearnhowtoappreciateit,andtoknowwhatitsignifiedtothosewhobuiltit.
PassageTwo
BecomingaCivilEngineer
IntheEnglishspeakingcountries,unlikeContinentalEurope,aprofessionalengineer,whowishestobefullyqualified,mustjoinatleastoneengineeringinstitution.Alltheseinstitutionsrequirecandidatesforadmissiontoprovethattheyhavesomeyearsofusefulpracticalexperienceasanengineer.Eachinstitutionisalearnedsocietynotunlikeaclubexceptthatcandidate’sstrictexaminationformembershipisbasedmainlyonhisengineeringknowledge,andallinstitutionspublishengineeringliteratureintheirownsubjects,usuallyintheirmonthlyjournal.Eachhasseveralgradesofmembership,fromthehighest,FullMember,downthroughtheusualgrade,Associate-Member,tothegradesofStudentorGraduateforyoungerpeopleuptoabouttwenty-fiveorthirtyyearsold.
InBritainithasalreadybeenpossibleforaboyonleavingschoolatfifteentostartworkinthedrawingofficeofacivilengineer,whethercontractorconsultant,andeventuallyaftermanyyearsofstudyinhissparetime,tobecomeaqualifiedcivilengineer.Thisisbecominglesseasyanditmaysoonbecomeimpossible.TherecommendedmethodofstudyfortheICE(InstitutionofCivilEngineers)examinationsisnowbyfull-timeorsandwichstudyforadegreeordiploma.Sandwichstudyisfull-timeworkatacollegeinterruptedbyperiodsoffull-timeworkwithanengineer.
Modernengineeringrequiresmoreandmorescience,andtomakeuseofitsscientifictheories,acivilengineershouldstudyf
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