British Literature OutlineWord格式文档下载.docx
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British Literature OutlineWord格式文档下载.docx
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sisters,thesocialcampaignerCharlesDickens,thenaturalistThomasHardy,thevisionarypoetWilliamBlakeandromanticpoetWilliamWordsworth.TwentiethcenturywritersincludethesciencefictionnovelistH.G.Wells,writersofchildren'
sclassicsRudyardKipling,A.A.Milne,thecontroversialD.H.Lawrence,themodernistVirginiaWoolf,thesatiristEvelynWaugh,thepropheticnovelistGeorgeOrwell,thepopularnovelistGrahamGreene,crimenovelistAgathaChristie,andthepoetsTedHughesandJohnBetjeman.Mostrecently,thechildren'
sfantasyHarryPotterseriesbyJ.K.RowlinghasrecalledthepopularityofJ.R.R.TolkienandC.S.Lewis.
Scotland'
scontributionincludesthedetectivewriterArthurConanDoyle,romanticliteraturebySirWalterScott,children'
swriterJ.M.BarrieandtheepicadventuresofRobertLouisStevenson.IthasalsoproducedthecelebratedpoetRobertBurns,aswellasWilliamMcGonagall,regardedbymanyasoneoftheworld'
sworst.Morerecently,themodernistandnationalistHughMacDiarmidandNeilM.GunncontributedtotheScottishRenaissance.AmoregrimoutlookisfoundinIanRankin'
sstoriesandthepsychologicalhorror-comedyofIainBanks.Scotland'
scapital,Edinburgh,isUNESCO'
sfirstworldwidecityofliterature.
TheoldestknownpoemfromtheareanowknownasScotland,YGododdin,wascomposedinCumbricorOldWelshinthelatesixthcenturyandcontainstheearliestknownreferencetoKingArthur.AgreatroleinthedevelopmentofArthurianlegend,andearlydevelopmentofBritishhistory,wasplayedbyGeoffreyofMonmouth.ThegreatestWelshpoetofalltimeisgenerallyheldtobeDafyddapGwilym.OwingtothedominanceoftheWelshlanguageinWalesuntilthelatenineteenthcentury,themajorityofWelshliteraturewasinWelsh,andmuchoftheprosewasreligiousincharacter;
thenineteenth-centurywriterDanielJonesiscreditedasthefirstWelsh-languagenovelist.Inthetwentiethcentury,thepoetsR.S.ThomasandDylanThomasbecamewellknownfortheirEnglish-languagepoetry,RichardLlewellynandchildren'
sworksbyRoaldDahl.ModernwritersinWelshincludeKateRoberts.
Authorsfromothernationalities,particularlyfromIreland,orfromCommonwealthcountries,havelivedandworkedintheUK.SignificantexamplesthroughthecenturiesincludeJonathanSwift,OscarWilde,BramStoker,GeorgeBernardShaw,JosephConrad,T.S.EliotandEzraPound,andmorerecentlyBritishauthorsbornabroadsuchasKazuoIshiguroandSirSalmanRushdie.
Intheatre,Shakespeare'
scontemporariesChristopherMarloweandBenJonsonaddeddepth.MorerecentlyAlanAyckbourn,HaroldPinter,MichaelFrayn,TomStoppardandDavidEdgarhavecombinedelementsofsurrealism,realismandradicalism.
LiteratureintheCelticlanguagesoftheislandsistheoldestsurvivingvernacularliteratureinEurope.TheWelshliterarytraditionstretchesfromthe6thcenturytothe21stcentury.TheoldestWelshliteraturedoesnotbelongtotheterritoryweknowasWalestoday,butrathertonorthernEnglandandsouthernScotland.Butthoughitisdatedtobefromthe6th,7th,and8thcenturies,ithassurvivedonlyin13th-and14th-centurymanuscriptcopies.
Latinliterature
ChroniclerssuchasBede,withhisHistoriaecclesiasticagentisAnglorum,andGildas,withhisDeExcidioetConquestuBritanniae,werefiguresinthedevelopmentofindigenousLatinliterature,mostlyecclesiastical,inthecenturiesfollowingthewithdrawaloftheRomanEmpire.
TheHistoriaBrittonumcomposedinthe9thcenturyistraditionallyascribedtoNennius.ItistheearliestsourcewhichpresentsKingArthurasahistoricalfigure,andisthesourceofseveralstorieswhichwererepeatedandamplifiedbylaterauthors.
Adomná
n'
smostimportantworkistheVitaColumbae,ahagiographyofColumba,andthemostimportantsurvivingworkwritteninearlymedievalScotland.ItisavitalsourceforknowledgeofthePicts,aswellasaninsightintothelifeofIonaAbbeyandtheearlymedievalGaelicmonk.ThevitaofColumbacontainsastorythathasbeeninterpretedasthefirstreferencetotheLochNessMonster.
EarlyCelticliterature
Foracomparativelysmallcountry,Irelandhasmadealargecontributiontoworldliteratureinallitsbranches.TheIrishliteraturethatisbestknownoutsidethecountryisinEnglish,buttheIrishlanguagealsohasthemostsignificantbodyofwrittenliterature,bothancientandrecent,inanyCelticlanguage,inadditiontoastrongoraltraditionoflegendsandpoetry.
TheUlsterCyclewritteninthe12thcentury,isabodyofmedievalIrishheroiclegendsandsagasofthetraditionalheroesoftheUlaidinwhatisnoweasternUlsterandnorthernLeinster,particularlycountiesArmagh,DownandLouth.ThestoriesarewritteninOldandMiddleIrish,mostlyinprose,interspersedwithoccasionalversepassages.Thelanguageoftheearlieststoriesisdateabletothe8thcentury,andeventsandcharactersarereferredtoinpoemsdatingtothe7th.
InMedievalWelshliteraturetheperiodbefore1100isknownastheperiodofYCynfeirdd("
Theearliestpoets"
)orYrHengerdd("
Theoldpoetry"
).ItroughlydatesfromthebirthoftheWelshlanguageuntilthearrivaloftheNormansinWalestowardstheendofthe11thcentury.
ThestoriesoftheMabinogionappearineitherorbothoftwoMedievalWelshmanuscripts,theWhiteBookofRhydderch(LlyfrGwynRhydderch)writtenca.1350,andtheRedBookofHergest(LlyfrCochHergest)writtenabout1382–1410,althoughtextsorfragmentsofsomeofthetaleshavebeenpreservedinearlier13thcenturyandlatermanuscripts.Scholarsagreethatthetalesareolderthantheexistingmanuscripts,butdisagreeoverjusthowmucholder.
GaelicliteratureinScotlandincludesacelebration,attributedtotheIrishmonkAdomná
n,ofthePictishKingBridei'
s(671–93)victoryoftheNorthumbriansattheBattleofDunNechtain(685).
OldEnglishliterature449–1066
TheearliestformofEnglishliteraturedevelopedafterthesettlementoftheSaxonsandotherGermanictribesinEnglandafterthewithdrawaloftheRomansandisknownasOldEnglishorAnglo-Saxon.
Cæ
dmonistheearliestEnglishpoetwhosenameisknown.Cæ
dmon'
sonlyknownsurvivingworkisCæ
sHymn,probablydatingfromthelate7thcentury.ThepoemisoneoftheearliestattestedexamplesofOldEnglishandis,withtherunicRuthwellCrossandFranksCasketinscriptions,oneofthreecandidatesfortheearliestattestedexampleofOldEnglishpoetry.ItisalsooneoftheearliestrecordedexamplesofsustainedpoetryinaGermaniclanguage.
TheepicpoemBeowulfisthemostfamousworkinOldEnglish.AherooftheGeats,Beowulfbattlesthreeantagonists:
Grendel,Grendel'
smother,andaDragon.TheonlysurvivingmanuscriptistheNowellCodex.Theprecisedateofthemanuscriptisdebated,butmostestimatesplaceitclosetotheyear1000.
Chroniclescontainedarangeofhistoricalandliteraryaccounts;
onenotableexampleistheAnglo-SaxonChroniclewhichcontainsvariousheroicpoemsinsertedthroughout.
TheAnglo-SaxonswereconvertedtoChristianityaftertheirarrivalinEngland.Apopularpoem,TheDreamoftheRood,wasinscribedupontheRuthwellCross.JudithisaretellingofthestoryfoundintheLatinBible'
sBookofJudithofthebeheaderoftheAssyriangeneralHolofernes.TheOldEnglishMartyrologyisaMerciancollectionofhagiographies.Æ
lfricofEynshamwasaprolific10thcenturywriterofhagiographiesandhomilies.
Latemedievalliterature
SirBediverecastsKingArthur'
sswordExcaliburbacktotheLadyoftheLake.TheArthurianCyclehasinfluencedBritishliteratureacrosslanguagesanddownthecenturies.
Thelinguisticdiversityoftheislandsinthemedievalperiod,witheachofthelanguagesproducingliteraturesatvarioustimeswhichcontributedtotherichvarietyofartisticproduction,madeBritishliteraturedistinctiveandinnovative.
Latinliteraturecirculatedamongtheeducatedclasses.GeraldofWales'
smostdistinguishedworksarethosedealingwithWalesandIreland,withhislate12thcenturytwobooksinLatinonhisbelovedWalesthemostimportant:
ItinerariumCambriaeandDescriptioCambriaewhichtellusmuchaboutWelshhistoryandgeography.
FollowingtheNormanConquestof1066,thedevelopmentofAnglo-NormanliteratureintheAnglo-NormanrealmintroducedliterarytrendsfromContinentalEuropesuchasthechansondegeste.However,theindigenousdevelopmentofAnglo-NormanliteraturewasprecociousincomparisontocontinentalOï
lliterature:
GeoffreyGaimarproducedtheearliestrhymedchronicle;
Benedeit,theearliestadventurenarrativeinspiredbyCelticsources;
JordanFantosme,theearliesteyewitnesshistoriography;
PhilippedeThaun,theearliestscientificliterature.
Religiousliteraturecontinuedtoenjoypopularity.Hagiographiescontinuedtobewritten,adaptedandtranslated:
forexample,The
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