语法纲要Word格式.docx
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语法纲要Word格式.docx
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Ahundredmilesisashortdistancenow.
Twothousandyuanisalargesumforme.
如果表示具体的数量则谓语动词用复数形式,如时间的过去或金钱、时间的花费。
如与pass,goby,waste,spend等连用时。
Yearshavegoneby.
TwohoursarespentinlearningEnglish.
Twentyyearshavepassedsincehisfatherdied.
三、maths等复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语,谓语用单数形式。
如:
news,physics,James,theUnitedStates,theArabianNights
Nonewsisgoodnews.
TheUnitedStatesisagreatcountry.
四、No/Each/Every/Manya+n.andno/each/every/manya+n.+单数动词
Everyboyand(every)girlisatplaynow.
Manyamanwasinjuredinthewar.
Manyaboyand(manya)girlhasmadethesamemistake.
Noteacherandnostudentisgoing.
五、~one~body~thing+单数动词。
Someoneisknockingatthedoor.
Nobodylikestospendtimeonaboringthing.
六、单数名词+介词短语,谓语用单数形式。
aswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,with,alongwith,togetherwith,ecceptwith,onein/outof.
Johnaswellasyouiswrong.
Thecaptainwithismenwassaved.
Helennolessthanhersisterisbeautiful.
Thebattogethertheballswasstolen.
NobodybutJohnandHelenwasabsent.
但morethanone+单数名词+单数动词
more+复数名词+thanone复数动词
Morethanonestudentispublished.
Morestudentsthanonearepublished.
七、名词词组的中心词是all,most,half,therest,theremainder或20%,1/3等时,谓语动词随名词变化。
Allisreadyforthereception.
Allareeagertoreachanagreement.
Halfofthebuildingwasdamagedinthefire.
Halfofthestudentsareboys.
Halfofhismoneywasstolen.
Therestofthebooksareuseful.
Therestofmytimewasspentinreading.
八、a/this/that/these/those/whatkindof+单数动词
Many/these/those/whatkindsof+复数动词
Thiskindofmenisdarngerous.同一种
Thesekindoftestsaregood.同一种
Thesetypeofmachinesareuptodate.
Threaremanykindsofapples.不同种
apair/piece/glass/bottleof+名词随pair/piece/glass/bottle变化。
九、以数词作名词词组的中心词时,数目字一般看作整体,谓语用单数形式。
Thirtyfromfortyleavesten.
18plus5is23.
15minus5leaves10.
Fivetimeseightisforty.
有时也可用复数形式。
(采用相加并列式)
Fiveandfivemaketen.
两数相乘可单可复。
Sixtimesfiveare/isthirty.
十、n.+n.+单数动词表示同一概念或人物
n.+n.+复数动词表示不同概念或人物
Riceandvegetableismyfavoritefood.
Thehammerandsicklewasflyingfromatallflagpole.
Acartandhorsewasseeninthedistance.
Theresiawatchandchainonthetable.
Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.
ThetenthandlastchapteriswrittenbyBruce.
aknifeandfork
acupandsaucer
十一、class,family,audience,committee,police,population,cattle,people,thepublic视意思而定。
单数动词表示整体
复数动词表示个体
Hisfamilyisabigone.
Hisfamilyareallwell.
十二、the+形容词+单数动词表示抽象意义
the+形容词+复数动词表示该类全体
Thebeautiful(Beauty)isthetrue.(truth)
Thericharenotalwaysalwayshappy.
thetrue,thegood,thebeautiful常跟单数动词
thepoor,therich,theold,theyoung,thelearned,thewounded常跟复数动词
十三、either…or…,neither…nor…,whether…or…,or…,notonly…butalso…,therebe等就近一致。
Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwishesforholidays.
十四、not…,but…
ItisI,notyou,whoamwrong
ItisIwhoamwrong.
十五、定语从句与先行词一致。
HeisoneofthepersonswhoareinterestedinFrench.
但:
HeisoneoftheonlypersonwhoisinterestedinFrench.
十六、who,what指代不明,谓语动词多用单数。
Who’scomingtotheparty?
Mostofourneighbors.
What’sonthemenutoday?
---Lotsofthings.
十七、None作主语,谓语可单可复。
Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus.
2.代词的一致和主语及其补语的一致
代词一致(pronoundconcord)是指句中代词应在数、性人称等方面保持彼此一致,或者与它所昭应的名词词组保持一致。
YouandTimcanstopworknow.Youcanbothgohomeforlunch.
ProfessorBrownandIwenttoEnglandtogether.Westayedtherethreeweeks.
Theyhaven’tyetmadeuptheirminds.
当everyone/everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody作主语时,其相应的代词一般按语法一致的原则采取单数形式。
Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.
Everyonelookedafterhimself.
非正式英语中,也可根据意义一致的原则采用复数形式。
Everybodylookedafterthemselves.
Noneoftheseworkerscandoit,canthey?
用everything,anything,something,nothing之类不定代词作主语,相应代词一般根据语法一致的原则,用单数形式。
Everythingisready,isn’tit?
当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应限定词用复数形式。
如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。
Weeachareaccountableforourownfamilies.
Weareeachresponsibleforhisownfamilies.
主语和主语补足语的一致(subject-subjectcomplementconcord)主要表现在数的方面:
主单----补单;
主复----补复
Dr.Wangisalife-timeprofessor.TimandMaryarehisstudents.
但有时主复补单。
Patotoesareavegetable.
Nightcalssesareagreatidea.
Simon’slettersarealwaysadelight---delightful.
此时某些补语相当于形容词。
Thecargowaswatermelons.
Hisprincipalanxietywashischildren.
某些固定词组中,主补数往往不一致。
Theboysstandbesideher.
Theyturnedtraitor.=Theybecametraitors.
3.名词性从句
一、从句按句法功能可分为名词性从句(nominalclauses),形容词性从句(relativeclauses)和状语从句(adverbialclauses)。
名词性从句的句法功能相当于名词词组,在复合句中担任主语、宾语、表语我同位语。
名词性从句的引导词可分为以下四种:
1从属连词that
2从属连词whether,if
3连接代词what,which,who,whom,whose
连接副词when,where,why,how
4复合关系代词what,whoever,whatever,whomever,whosever
复合关系副词wherever,whenever
二、名词性that从句
可在句中充任主语、宾语、表语、同位语,但一般不作介词宾语或宾补。
㈠作主语
常将that从句置于句末而用先行词it作形式主语。
that有时可省略;
在正式文体中,为了强调that从句的内容,也可将that从句置于句首,此时that不可省略;
如果主句是疑问句,则必须用it结构。
Itseemsunlikely(that)herefusedtheoffer.=Thatherefusedtheofferseemsunlikely.
Isitprobablethattheywillcometomorrow?
it作形式主语的几种结构:
①Itbeadj.that-clause
ItiscertainthatWilliamwilldowellintheexam.
Itiscleartomethathewastellingthetruth,becauseIfeltthesameway.
在表示建议、命令、要求等意义的it先行结构中,that从句可用(should)+原形动词的虚拟语气形式,尤其在正式文体中。
Itisbestthathe(should)go.
Itisimportantthatwe(should)workoutaplan.
Itisnecessarythatyou(should)bepresentatthemeeting.
②Itben.that-clause
It’sapitythatwewon’tgo.
It’scommonknowledgethatthewhaleisnotafish.
注意区别it强调句。
ItisIwho/thatamyourtruefriend.
ItwasJohnthatyoumetinthestreet.
③Itbepp.that-clause
Itissaid/reported/decided…that…有时可转换为不定式结构。
表示建议、要求、命令的先行词it结构中,that从句中正式文体中可用be型虚拟语气。
Itissuggestedthateverystudent(should)singasonginEnglish.
Itisdemandedthathe(should)leaveatone.
④Itseem/happen/appear…等不及物动词+that-clause
Itseemsthatyouhavemistakenhim.=Youseemtohavemistakenhim.
㈡作宾语
多作动词宾语,在介词in,but,except,besides后也可用that从句。
Youradviceisgoodexceptthatitistoolong.
suggest等表示建议、决定、要求、命令等意义的动词之后在正式文体中使用(should)do虚拟语气。
Shesuggestedthathe(should)doitatonce.
that-clause作宾语时,that一般可省略,但如果从句较长则不宜省略;
在简略答语中亦不可省略。
A:
Whatdoyouassumefromhisattitude?
B:
Thathewasfrightened.
㈢作表语
主语一般是事实、真理、某人意见、信念等名词或wh-从句。
Thefactis(that)hedidn'
tnoticethecartilltoolate.
Myopinionis(that)wetaketheinitiativeintoourownhands.
WhatIparticularlydislikeis(that)heisdishonest.
此时that一般可省略,但如果从句结构较复杂,that不可省略。
㈣作同位语
同位语跟在名词后对其作以解释。
I’dnoideathatyouwerehere.
ThestorygoesthatWilliamTellkilledthetyrantwithanarrow.
能带同位语从句的名词常见的还有:
answer,belief,conclusion,decision,discovery,problem,promise,thought,truth等。
这些名词前一般带有定冠词名不定冠词,间或也可用零冠词或其他限定词。
that从句作同位语从句时,在非正式文体中that可省略。
㈤that的省略问题。
1正式文体中that位于句首时不可省略,但it结构中,如果句子结构不复杂that可省略。
2非正式文体中,that-从句作宾语且较短时可省略,但简短答语中that在句首时不可省略。
3that宾语从句与主句动词(或形容词)之间有插入语时,that不可省略。
Everyonecouldsee,Ibelieve,thatGeorgewasterrified.
Hesaidthat,ifhecouldmanageit,hewouldcome.
4that-从句与另一个名词性从句作并列宾语时,that不可省略。
Ibelieve(that0you’veyourbestandthatthingswillimprove.
5用作同位语的that从句,表示限制性同位关系时that可省略,表示非限制性同位关系时则that不可省略。
Thehardtruth,thatMariawaskilledinacaraccident,wasagreatshocktoherparents.
二、wh-词及if,whether引导的名词性从句
可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语,但if引导的从句不作主语。
用陈述语序。
Whyhedidthisisnotknown.
Itisstrangehowtheydidit.
Whetherwewillgoonthetripdependsontheweather.
㈡作宾语(可作介词宾语)
SheaskedmewhereIwasoffto?
Whodoyouthinkheis?
Itdepends(on)whatyoumean.
I’msureif/whetherthey’redoingtheirbest.
Hewasnotcertain(of)whathewantedtodo.
Thisiswhathetoldusatthemeeting.
Theproblemiswhowillgobutwhowillstay.
Thatiswhyhelikesthisplacesomuch.
Haveyouanyideahowsoontheyarecoming.
Myoriginalquestion,whyhediditatall,hasnotanswered.
三、what,whatever等引导的名词性从句,相当于带有定语从句的名词词组,可以作:
㈠主语
Whatisone’smeatisanother’spoison.
Whoevertoldyouthatwaslying.
㈡作表语
ThebookisjustwhatI’mlookingfor.
Homeiswhereyourfriendsandfamilyare.
㈢作宾语
Donotputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.
Ican’tmakeoutwhattheyaretalkingabout.
Whatisfaultyhaswhatitshouldnothave;
whatisdefictivehasnotwhatitshouldhave.
Eatwhicheveryourlikeandleavetheothersforwhoevercomesinlate.
what与whatever区别
what特指;
whatever泛指
Iwillbelievewhathesays.
Iwillbelievewhateverhesays.
Exercise
1Thisis_____Imean.
A.itB.thatC.whichD.what
2Iaskedhim_____hewouldgo.
A.whatB.thatC.whomD.if
3Iknow_____myteacherisright.
A.whichB.whatC.whoD.that
4._____heislateisevident.
A.WhatB.WhomC.Th
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