煤矿开采煤矿安全中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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煤矿开采煤矿安全中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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煤矿开采煤矿安全中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
外文:
Minesafety
Coalmininghistoricallyhasbeenahazardousoccupationbut,inrecentyears,tremendousprogresshasbeenmadeinreducingaccidentalcoalminedeathsandinjuries.themainaspectisasfollowing:
⑴Safetyofmineventilation
•PurposesofMineVentilation
•Properlyengineeredcontrolofthemineatmosphereisrequiredto:
•providefreshair(oxygen)formentobreathe
•provideasourceofoxygenforinternalcombustionenginesinmachinery
•diluteatmosphericcontaminantstoacceptablelevels
•maintaintemperatureandhumiditywithinacceptablelimits
•removeatmosphericcontaminantsfromthemine.
Mineventilationistwofoldinpurpose:
first,itmaintainslife,andsecondlyitcarriesoffdangerousgases.Thehistoricroleofventilationwastoprovideaflowoffreshairsufficienttoreplacetheoxygenconsumedbytheminersworkingunderground.Today'smineventilationprimarilydealswithnoxiousgases(mainlygeneratedbytracklessequipmentunderground).
Canariesaresaidtohavebeenusedtodetectgasincoalminesintheearlystagesofcoalmining.Thissensitivebirdwouldbetakenintotheworkingsand,ifitperished,thecollierswouldimmediatelyleavethemine.Inthe1920sthehand-turnedfanswerereplacedwithair-poweredsmallturbinefans.Largefansofthesuctiontypewereplacedonthesurfaceandgraduallyincreasedinsize.Airfromsurfacecompressorswaspipedintotheminetopowermachineryandtoassistinventilation.
Unlesstheairisproperlydistributedtotheface,themineventilationsystemisnotperformingitsprimaryfunction[1].Whileithasalwaysbeenrecognizedthatthislastpartofventilationisthemostimport,itisalsothemostdifficulttoachieve.
TheprimarymeansofproducingandcontrollingtheairflowarealsoillustratedonFigure1.Mainfans,eithersinglyorincombination,handlealloftheairthatpassesthroughtheentiresystem.Theseareusually,butnotnecessarily,locatedonsurface,eitherexhaustingairthroughthesystemasshownonFigure1or,alternatively,connectedtodowncastshaftsormainintakesandforcingairintoandthroughthesystem.Becauseoftheadditionalhazardsofgasesanddustthatmaybothbeexplosive,legislationgoverningtheventilationofcoalminesisstricterthanformostotherundergroundfacilities.Inmanycountries,themainventilationfansforcoalminesarerequired,bylaw,tobeplacedonsurfaceandmayalsobesubjecttootherrestrictionssuchasbeinglocatedoutoflinewiththeconnectedshaftordriftandequippedwith"blow-out"panelstohelpprotectthefanincaseofamineexplosion.
StoppingsandSeals:
Indevelopingamine,connectionsarenecessarilymadebetweenintakesandreturns.Whenthesearenolongerrequiredforaccessorventilation,theyshouldbeblockedbystoppingsinordertopreventshort-circuitingoftheairflow.Stoppingscanbeconstructedfrommasonry,concreteblocksorfireproofedtimberblocks.Prefabricatedsteelstoppingsmayalsobeemployed.Stoppingsshouldbewellkeyedintotheroof,floorandsides,particularlyifthestrataareweakorincoalminesliabletospontaneouscombustion.Leakagecanbereducedbycoatingthehighpressurefaceofthestoppingwithasealantmaterialandparticularattentionpaidtotheperimeter.Hereagain,inweakorchemicallyactivestrata,suchcoatingsmaybeextendedtotherocksurfacesforafewmetresbackfromthestopping.Incaseswheretheairwaysareliabletoconvergence,precautionsshouldbetakentoprotectstoppingsagainstprematurefailureorcracking.Thesemeasurescanvaryfrom"crushpads"locatedatthetopofthestoppingtoslidingordeformablepanelsonprefabricatedstoppings.Inallcases,componentsofstoppingsshouldbefireproofandshouldnotproducetoxicfumeswhenheated.
Asashorttermmeasure,fire-resistantbratticecurtainsmaybetackedtoroof,sidesandfloortoprovidetemporarystoppingswherepressuredifferentialsarelowsuchasinlocationsclosetotheworkingareas.
Whereabandonedareasofaminearetobeisolatedfromthecurrentventilationinfrastructure,sealsshouldbeconstructedattheentrancesoftheconnectingairways.Ifrequiredtobeexplosion-proof,theseconsistoftwoormorestoppings,5to10metresapart,withtheinterveningspaceoccupiedbysand,stonedust,compactednon-flammablerockwaste,cement-basedfillorothermanufacturedmaterial.Steelgirders,lacedbetweenroofandflooraddstructuralstrength.Groutingthesurroundingstrataaddstotheintegrityofthesealinweakground.Incoalmines,mininglaworprudentregardforsafetymayrequiresealstobeexplosion-proof.
Doorsandairlocks:
Whereaccessmustremainavailablebetweenanintakeandareturnairway,astoppingmaybefittedwithaventilationdoor.Initssimplestform,thisismerelyawoodenorsteeldoorhingedsuchthatitopenstowardsthehigherairpressure.Thisself-closingfeatureissupplementedbyanglingthehingessothatthedoorliftsslightlywhenopenedandclosesunderitsownweight.Itisalsoadvisabletofitdoorswithlatchestopreventtheiropeningincasesofemergencywhenthedirectionofpressuredifferentialsmaybereversed.Contouredflexiblestripsattachedalongthebottomofthedoorassistinreducingleakage,particularlywhentheairwayisfittedwithrailtrack.
Ventilationdoorslocatedbetweenmainintakesandreturnsareusuallybuiltasasetoftwoormoretoformanairlock.Thispreventsshort-circuitingwhenonedoorisopenedforpassageofvehiclesorpersonnel.Thedistancebetweendoorsshouldbecapableofaccommodatingthelongesttrainofvehiclesrequiredtopassthroughtheairlock.Forhigherpressuredifferentials,multipledoorsalsoallowthepressurebreaktobesharedbetweendoors.
Mechanizeddoors,openedbypneumaticorelectricalmeansareparticularlyconvenientforthepassageofvehiculartrafficorwherethesizeofthedoororairpressurewouldmakemanualoperationdifficult.Mechanicallyoperateddoorsmay,again,beside-hingedortaketheformofrolluporconcertinadevices.Theymaybeactivatedmanuallybyapull-ropeorautomaticsensingofanapproachingvehicleorperson.Largedoorsmaybefittedwithsmallerhingedopeningsforaccessbypersonnel.Man-doorsexposedtothehigherpressuredifferentialsmaybedifficulttoopenmanually.Insuchcases,aslidingpanelmaybefittedinordertoreducethatpressuredifferentialtemporarilywhilethedoorisopened.Interlockdevicescanalsobeemployedonanairlocktopreventalldoorsfrombeingopenedsimultaneously.
Cfdappliedtoventilationsystems:
DuetorecentadvancesincomputerprocessingpowerCFDhasbeenusedtosolveawiderangeoflargeandcomplexflowproblemsacrossmanybranchesofengineering(Moloneyet.al.1997/98/99).Theincreaseinprocessorspeedhasalsoenabledthedevelopmentofimprovedpostprocessingandgraphicaltechniqueswithwhichtovisualizetheresultsproducedbythesemodels.RecentresearchworkhasemployedCFDmodels,validatedbyscaleandfull-scaleexperiments,torepresenttheventilationflowsandpollutantdispersionpatternswithinundergroundminenetworks.Inparticular,studiesbyMoloney(1997)demonstratedthatvalidatedCFDmodelswereabletosuccessfullyreplicatetheventilationflowsandgaseouspollutantdispersionpatternsobservedwithinauxiliaryventilatedrapiddevelopmentdrivages.CFDhasprovenacapablemethodbywhichtoidentifydetailedcharacteristicsoftheflowwithincriticalareassuchasthecuttingface.TheresultsproducedbytheCFDmodelswereabletodemonstratetherelativeefficiencyofthedifferentauxiliaryventilationconfigurationsinthedilution,dispersionandtransportofthemethaneanddustfromthedevelopmentface.FurtherrecentstudiesbyMoloneyet.al.(1999)havedemonstratedthatsuchvalidatedCFDmodelsmaybeusedtosimulatetheairflowandpollutantdispersiondataforawiderangeofminingandventilationconfigurations.Eachsimulationexerciseproduceslargesetsofvelocity,pressureandpollutantconcentrationdata.
⑵FiresMethodsofControl
Firesthatoccurinmineairwaysusuallycommencefromasinglepointofignition.Theinitialfireisoftenquitesmalland,indeed,mostfiresareextinguishedrapidlybypromptlocalaction.Speedisoftheessence.Anenergeticignitionthatremainsundetected,evenforonlyafewminutes,candevelopintoaconflagrationthatbecomesdifficultorimpossibletodealwith.Sealingoffthedistrictorminemaythenbecomeinevitable.
Themajorityoffirescanbeextinguishedquicklyifpromptactionistaken.Thisunderlinestheimportanceoffiredetectionsystems,training,awell-designedfirefightingsystemandthereadyavailabilityoffullyoperationalfirefightingequipment.Fireextinguishersofanappropriatetypeshouldbeavailableonvehiclesandontheupstreamsideofallzonesofincreasedfirehazard.Theseincludestorageareasandfixedlocationsofequipmentsuchaselectricalorcompressorstationsandconveyorgearheads.
Neitherwaternorfoamshouldbeusedwhereelectricityisinvolveduntilitiscertainthatthepowerhasbeenswitchedoff.Fireextinguishersthatemploycarbondioxideordrypowdersaresuitableforelectricalfiresorthoseinvolvingflammableliquids.
Delugeandsprinklersystemscanbeveryeffectiveinareasoffixedequipment,storesandoverconveyors.Theseshouldbeactivatedbythermalsensorsratherthansmokeorgasdetectorsinordertoensurethattheyareoperatedonlywhenopencombustionoccursinthenearvicinity.
Exceptwhereelectricityorflammableliquidsareinvolved,wateristhemostcommonmediumof
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