compare and contrast.docx
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compare and contrast.docx
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compareandcontrast
Compare
Analogyanalogoussimilarincomparisonbyanalogy
TPO5sociology
Sowhat?
Youmaysay.Passingonideasfromonepersontoanotherisnothingnew.Well,thewholepointofdefiningthisfamiliarprocessastransmissionofmemesissothatwecanexploreitsanalogywiththetransmissionofgenes.Asyouknow,alllivingorganismspassonbiologicalinformationthroughthegenes.What’sagene?
Ageneisapieceofbiologicalinformationthatgetscopiedorreplicated,andthecopyorreplicaispassedontothenewgeneration.Sogenesaredefinedasreplicators.
Genesarereplicatorsthatpassoninformationaboutpropertiesandcharacteristicsoforganisms.Byanalogy,memesalsogetreplicatedandintheprocesspassoncultureinformationfrompersontoperson,generationtogeneration.Somemesarealsoreplicators.
Notestaking:
TPO17
10.Howdoesthewomansummarizetheprofessor’smainpointinthetalk?
A.Bydrawingaparallelwithaprocesscommontothelegalfield.
B.Byrepeatingacommenttheprofessormadeatthebeginningofclass.
C.Byreferringtoastudythatsupportstheprofessor’stheory.
D.Bycomparingtheprofessor’sremarkswithstatementsinthetextbook.
TPO17
Lecture2
13.WhydoestheprofessorcompareEarth’smovementstoawatch?
n(00:
45)
A.Toclarifyacommonmisunderstanding.
B.ToshowinwhatwayEarthissimilartoawatch.
C.ToemphasizetheregularityofEarth’smovements.
D.Toconnecttheconceptsoforbitsandtime.
Lecture413
1.WhydoestheprofessorfirstmentionProteus?
A.Toexplainhowtheoctopusgotitsscientificname.
B.Tointroducetheoctopus’exceptionalabilities.
C.TopointoutthattheoctopusplayedanimportantroleinGreekmythology.
D.Toprovideanexampleofamythologicalcharacterthatwaspartanimalandparthuman.
TPO24
13.Whydoestheprofessormentionmodernartandmodernmusic?
Toillustratehowdifferentartformscaninteractwithoneanother
Toidentitysomecharacteristicssharedbyallformsofartisticexpression
Toexplainthatmodemdancealsobrokewithtraditions
TocomparetheattitudesofEuropeanandAmericancriticstomoderndance
TPO13lecture4
1.Whatisthemaintopicofthelecture?
✧Themajordifferencesbetweenmeteorsandmeteorites
✧Theoriginsofcometsandasteroids
✧Thenatureandoriginofmeteorites
✧Thesimilaritiesbetweenobjectsintheinnersolarsystem
2.Whatcomparisondoestheprofessormaketohelpdescribethecompositionofasteroidsandcomets?
✧Hecomparesthemtostars.
✧Hecomparesthemtotypesofplanets.
✧HecomparesthemtorocksonEarth.
✧Hecomparesthemtometeorsandmeteorites.
3.Whatdoestheprofessorsayabouttheoriginofmeteorsandmeteorites?
✧Theyarepiecesofasteroidsorcomets.
✧Theyarepiecesoftheplanetsinoursolarsystem.
✧Theyaremadefrommineralsthatareotherwiseuncommoninoursolarsystem.
✧Theirorigincannotbedetermined.
4.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatfeatureofameteoroidgenerallydetermineswhetherthemeteoroidbecomesameteorite?
✧Whetheritwasoriginallypartofalargermeteoroid
✧Whetheritoriginatedintheinneroroutersolarsystem
✧Whatproportionofironandstoneitcontains
✧HowlargeitiswhenitenterstheEarth’satmosphere
5.Whataretwopointstheprofessormakesaboutstonemeteorites?
Clickon2answers.
✧Theyarethetypeofmeteoritethatmostcommonlyfallstotheground.
✧Theyaretypeofmeteoritemostoftenseeninmuseums.
✧Theyaretheoldesttypeofmeteoritefoundontheground
✧Theyarethemostdifficulttypeofmeteoritetofindontheground
6.Whydoestheprofessorsaythis:
…
✧Toofferahintabouttheanswertoaquestionheasked
✧Toclarifyaquestionthatastudentasked
✧Tofindoutwhetherstudentsunderstandquestionheasked
✧Tofindoutwhetherstudentsunderstandanimportantcomparisonhemade
TPO13Lectures4
Astronomy
Narrator:
Listentopartofalectureinanastronomyclass.
Professor:
OK,Iwannagooverthedifferenttypesofmeteoroids,andwhatwe'velearnedfromthemabouttheformationofearth,andsolarsystem.Uh…thethingiswhat'sespeciallyinterestingaboutmeteoroidsisthattheycomefrominterplanetaryspace,buttheyconsistofthesamechemicalelementsthatareinmatteroriginatedonearth,justindifferentproportions.Butthatmakesiteasiertoidentifysomethingasameteoroid,asitopposedto…tojustaterrestrialrock.Sototalkaboutwheremeteoroidscomefrom,weneedtotalkaboutcometsandasteroids,whichbasically...they’rebasicallymadeupofdebrisleftoverfromtheoriginofthesolarsystem4.6billionyearsago.
NowI'mgoingabitoutofaboarderhere…umm…I'mnotgoingtogointoanydepthonthecometsandasteroidsnow,butwe'llcomebacklateranddothat.Fromnow,I'lljustcoversomebasicinfoaboutthem.OK,cometsandasteroids.Itmighthelpifyouthinkof...rememberwetalkedaboutthetwoclassesofplanetsinoursolarsystem?
Andhowtheydifferincomposition?
Theterrestrialplanets--likeMarsandEarth--composedlargelyofrocksandmetals,andthelargegasgiants,likeJupiter.Well,thesolarsystemalsohastwoanalogousclassesofobjects,smallerthanplanets--namely,asteroidsandcomets.Relativelynearthesunandinnersolarsystem,betweenJupiterandMarstobeprecise,we’vegottheasteroidbelt,whichcontainsabout90percentsofallasteroidsorbitingthesun.Theseasteroidsare…uh…liketheterrestrialplanets,andthey'recomposedmostlyofrockymaterialsandmetals.
Farfromthesun,intheoutersolarsystem,beyondJupiter'sorbit,temperaturesarelowenoughtopermiticestoformoutofwaterand…andoutofgaseslikemethaneandcarbondioxide.Loosecollectionsoftheseicesandsmallrockyparticlesformintocomets.Socometsaresimilarincompositiontothegasgiants.Bothcometsandasteroidsare...typicallyaresmallerthanplanets.
Andevensmallertypeofinterplanetarydebrisisthemeteoroid.Andit'sfrommeteoroidsthatwegetmeteorsandmeteorites."Roids"are,forthemostpartanyway,theyarejustsmallerbitsofasteroidsandcomets.Whenthesebitsenterearth’satmosphere,well,thatmakesthemsospecialthattheygetaspecialname.They'recalledmeteors.Mostofthemareverysmall,andtheyburnupsoonafterenteringearth’satmosphere.Thelargeronesthatmakeitthroughtheatmosphereandhitthegroundarecalledmeteorites.Someteoritesaretheonesthatactuallymakeitthrough.
Nowwe'vebeenfindingmeteoritesonearthforthousandsofyears,andwe'veanalyzedenoughofthemtolearnalotabouttheircomposition,mostcomefromasteroids,thoughafewmayhavecomefromcomets.Soessentiallytheyarerocks,andlikerocks,they'remixturesofminerals.Theyaregenerallyclassifiedintothreebroadcategories--stones,stonyironsandirons.
Stonemeteoroids,whichwerefertosimplyas,uh,stones,arealmostentirelyrockmaterial.Theyactuallyaccountforalmostallofthemeteoritematerialthatfallstoearth.Butevenso,it'sraretoeverfindone.Imean,it'seasiertofindanironmeteoriteorstonyiron.Anyoneguesswhy?
Lookattheirnames.Whatdoyouthinkironmeteoritesconsistof?
Student:
Mostlyiron?
Professor:
Yeah…ironandsomenickel,bothofwhicharemetals.And,ifyou'retryingtofindmetal?
Student:
Oh!
Metaldetectors!
Professor:
Right,thankyou.Atleastthat'spartofit.Stonemeteoroids,iftheyliearoundexposedtotheweatherforafewyears,well,they'remadeofrock,sotheyenduplookingalmostindistinguishablefromcommonterrestrialrocks--oncethatoriginatedonearth.Soit'shardtospotthembyeye.Butwecanusemetaldetectorstohelpusfindtheothers,andthey'reeasiertospotbyeye.Somostofthemeteoritesincollections,uh,inmuseums,they'llbe...they'reironmeteorites,orthestonyironkind,eventhoughtheyonlymakeupabout5percentsofthemeteoritematerialontheground.
Contrast:
Asopposedto,unlike,ratherthan,otherthaninsteadof,whatseparatedAfromB,bedifferentfrom,contrast
TPO9lecture1
1.Accordingtotheprofessor,howdidLoutherbourgcreateafeelingofgreaterdepthonthestage?
Clickon2answers.
✧Heenlargedthestagearea.
✧Heusedmainlydarkcolorsinthepaintedbackgrounds.
✧Hecarefullyspacedseparatepiecesofscenery.
✧Heusedthree-dimensionalobjectsinhissets.
TPO24
31.WhatdifferencesbetweenvolcanoesonVenusandthoseonEarthdoestheprofessormention?
Clickon2answers
VolcanoesonVenusaremostlyshieldvolcanoes
VolcanoesonVenusemitthickerlava
ManyvolcanoesonEarthareconcentratedinspecificzones.
ManyvolcanoesonEarthshownovolcanicactivity
2;00Theyarecalledshieldvolcanoes,becauseviewedfromabove,theykindofresembleshields,youknow,likeawarrior'sshield.Butwhat'sparticularlyinterestingaboutthesevolcanoesisthatmostofthevolcanoeshereonEartharenotshieldvolcanoes.Instead,theyareothervolcanotypes,likestratavolcanoes,forexample,whicharearesultoftectonicplatemovement.Remembertectonicplates?
UnderneaththeEarth'scrust,thereareanumberofshiftingslabsorplatesthatareslowlymoving.Andinthezonesontheedgesoftheplateswheredifferentplatesmeetandinteract,that'swherewegetmostofEarth'svolcanoes.OnVenus,however,volcanoesarenotclusteredindiscretezonesliketheyareonEarth.Instead,theyaremoreorlessrandomlyscatteredoverVenus'ssurface.Well,that'ssignificant.Venushasmostlyshieldvolcanoes,andtheyarerandomlyscattered,thatindicatesthatVenusdoesnothavemovingtectonicplates,andthat'sabigdifferencecomparedtoEarth.Here
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