考研英语一真题及答案.docx
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考研英语一真题及答案.docx
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points).
In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting____1____workers'productivity.Instead,thestudiesended____2____givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect",theextremelyinfluentialideathattheverytobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe____4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto____5____oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot____6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;____7____somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)____8____thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9____toalterworkers'behavior____10____itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere____11____toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore____12____thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic____13____wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.
Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto____14____interpretationofwhathapped.____15____,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output____16____rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.____18____,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers____19____tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before____20____aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.
1. [A]affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored
2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off
3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof
4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous
5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments
6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work
7. [A]asfaras [B]forfearthat [C]incasethat [D]solongas
8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion
9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant
10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by
11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed
12. [A]contraryto [B]consistentwith [C]parallelwith [D]peculiarto
13. [A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source
14. [A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading
15. [A]Incontrast [B]Forexample [C]Inconsequence [D]Asusual
16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly
17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued
20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
SectionII ReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.
WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”
Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.
IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?
Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.
21. ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.
[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.
[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.
22. NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby
[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.
23. WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?
[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals
[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.
[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
24. WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.
[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
25. Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory
Text2
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.
Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal",saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
26. Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]the
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