复合结构.doc
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复合结构.doc
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学生在学习英语时,会常常听到老师说复合结构以及独立主格结构等这些令人头疼的术语,对其用法更是不甚了解,现就其结构及其用法和作用例释如下:
一、不定式的复合结构
动词不定式前面加上for/ofsb.(名词或代词宾格),构成“forsb.todosth.”的不定式的复合结构,其中sb.作介词for的宾语,也作后面的不定式的逻辑主语,表明动词不定式的动作是由sb.发出的。
如:
It’snecessaryforyoungpeopletolearnaforeignlanguage.
Youareleaderofourteam.Itisforyoutodecideeverything.
It’stimeforustogotoschool.
但是,在“Itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.”结构中,如果其中的形容词是表示人的性格特征或心理品质的形容词,如:
kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,cruel,wrong,careless,polite,brave等,应用ofsb.todosth.
It’swrongofyoutospeaktotheoldmanlikethat.
It’scleveroftheboytofigureoutsuchadifficultmathsproblem.
二、动名词的复合结构
在动名词前面加上物主代词或名词所有格,表明动名词这一动作的执行者。
例如:
Doyoumindmy(Mary’s)openingthewindow?
Itisnouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn’tknowtherules.
但在口语中,这种结构如果作宾语(及物动词或介词的宾语),其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格,名词所有格常用名词的普通格。
例如:
Wouldyoumindme(Mary)openingthewindow?
Hewasangryaboutmehavingtoleaveearly.
I’mastonishedatJohnsuddenlystartingtotakeaninterestinginmusic.
但应特别注意以下几种情况:
1、动名词复合结构在句中充当主语时,其物主代词或名词所有格不能换成宾格。
Tom’sbeinglateagainmadehisteacherMrHopkinsquiteangry.
2、当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的名词时,只能用普通格而不能用所有格。
Usuallyatthebeginningoftheschool,thenoiseofthedesksbeingopenedandclosedcouldbeheardoutinthestreet.
Icanneverforgetthesceneoftheboybeingbeatenbyhisfather.
Theboyswerealarmedbythedoorsuddenlyshutting.
Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.
3、虽是有生命的名词但却表示泛指意义时,须用名词通格。
Itsoundedlikeawomancrying.
Bamboohaslongleavesthatswayinthewindlikeslimfingersreachingtotouchsomething.
4、两个以上的有生命的名词并列时,须用名词通格。
Doyouremembermybrotherandmecomingtoseeyoutheotherday.
【高考题再现】
1.____themeetinghimselfgavethemagreatdealofencouragement.(03’上海)
A.Thepresidentwillattend B.Thepresidenttoattend
C.Thepresidentattended D.Thepresident’sattending
【解析】从句子结构来看,整个句子缺少主语,故只能用Thepresident’sattending动名词的复合结构作句子主语。
答案为D。
2.Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto___.(03’上海)
A.thethiefhavingcaught B.catchthethief
C.thethiefbeingcaught D.thethieftobecaught
【解析】从句中谓语动词ledto来看,其中的to是介词,后面须接动名词作宾语。
从题意来看,是“小偷被抓住”,故用动名词的被动式,所以此题的正确答案为C,动名词的逻辑主语thethief也可以用名词的所有格thethief’s.
Exercise:
1.IcanhardlyimaginePeter____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.(91’)
A.sail B.tosail C.sailing D.tohavesailed
2.Iwouldappreciate___backthisafternoon.
A.youtocall B.youcall C.yourcalling D.you’recalling
3.Howaboutthetwoofus____awalkdownthegarden?
A.totake B.take C.taking D.tobetaking
4.____asthemostexcellentstudentinheruniversity,asmostclassmateshadexpected,madeherparentsveryhappy.
A.Marywaschosen B.Marychosen C.Marybeingchosen D.Mary’sbeingchosen
三、with的复合结构
即由“with+名词/代词+adj./adv./prep.phrase/doing/done/todo…etc.”,在此结构中的名词或代词充当逻辑主语,而后面的形容词/副词/分词等充当逻辑谓语,整个结构可在句中充当定语、状语。
例如:
1.with+O.+介词短语
Shesawabrookwithredflowersandgreengrassonbothsides(定语)
Thepoorboy,withabasketonherback,searchedalldayfromtheriversidetothefootofthemountain.
Wesatonthedrygrasswithourbackstothewall.
Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.
Hiswifecamedownthestairs,withheryear-oldsoninherarms.
2.with+O.+过去分词
Newsreporterssaypeacetalksbetweenthetwocountrieshavebrokendownwithnoagreementreached.
Themeetingendedwithnothingsettled.
Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorclosed.
Icouldnotleavewithmyworkunfinished.
Hewaslisteningtothemusicwithhiseyeshalfclosed.
3.with+O.+现在分词
Iwon’tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingill.
Withwintercomingon,it’stimetobuywarmclothes.
Hesoonfellasleepwiththelightstillburning.
Youcouldseehimwithhisarmsstickingout.
Shelookedinmyfacewithtearsstreamingdownherface.
4.with+O.+动词不定式
Withhertohelpme,Ifeelquiteatease.
Theystartedofflateandgototheairportwithminutestospare.
Withallhisworktodo,Idon’tknowifI’llhavetimetogoout.
WithJohntocome,we’llhavefourgueststoday.
5.with+O.+副词或形容词
Andersonwaslyingonthebedwithallhisclotheson.
Shefollowedhimwithherheaddown.
Whatalonelyworlditwillbewithyouaway!
Heworeashirtwiththeneckopen.
Don’ttalkwithyourmouthfull.
注意在此复合结构中,根据句意不同,我们也可以把with改为without。
例如:
Formilesaroundmetherewasnothingbutadesert,withoutasingleplantortreeinsight.
Withoutawordmorespoken,helefttheroom.
【高考题再现】
1.Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands____behindhisback.(91’)
A.beingtied B.havingtied C.tobetied D.tied
2.Withalotofproblems_____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(2002’)
A.settled B.settling C.tosettle D.beingsettled
3.Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthenoise____.(05’北京)
A.goingon B.goeson C.wenton D.togoon
四、复合宾语
在英语中我们常常把宾语以及宾语补足语称为复合宾语。
宾语与宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系,能作宾语补助语的有形容词、名词、现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、介词短语等。
例如:
Don’tleavethewaterrunningwhileyoubrushyourteeth.
Whowouldtheteacherratherhavewriteanarticleforthewall-newspaper?
Ourteacheroftenasksustospendasmuchtimeaswecanstudyinghardatourlessons.
【高考题再现】
1.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee___thenextyear.(00’)
A.carryout B.carryingout C.carriedout D.tocarryout
2.Themissingboywaslastseen___neartheEastLake.(00’上海)
A.playing B.play C.played D.toplay
3.Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildren’sactionsagainstthelawsgetparents.(04’)
A.worried B.toworry C.worrying D.worry
4.Youshouldunderstandthetrafficrulebynow.You’vehadit___oftenenough.
A.explaining B.toexplain C.explain D.explained
复合宾语是高考题中考查的热点和重点,在运用时要注意以下几个方面:
(1)作宾语补足语的名词是表示独一无二的职位或头衔时,名词前不用任何限定词。
Weallmadehimchairmanofthemeeting.
(2)注意现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语时所表达意义的不同。
(3)一些使役动词make,have,let;感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,hear,feel等其后跟动词不定式作宾补时必须省略其不定式符号“to”,但如果把该句改为被动语态则必须添加上不定式符号“to”。
Acomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeoplehaveitdo.
Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearn.Healwaysworkshard.
(4)在复合宾语中作宾语的如果是动词不定式或从句时则必须用形式宾语it,构成句型:
“make/find/think/feel,etc.+adj./n.+(forsb.)todo/that–clause”。
Hemadeitaruletogetupatsixo’clockinthemorninganddomorningexercises.
Idon’tthinklikelythattheywillacceptourterms.
五、独立主格结构
通常由一个名词或代词加上现在分词、过去分词、形容词、介词、动词不定式构成,它没有语法上的主语,但有其逻辑上的主语。
在句中起状语的作用。
它不是句子,本身具有独立性,独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子语法上的主语不指同一个人或物,但和主要的句子又有一定关系。
多用来表示某种行为方式、伴随情况、条件、时间、原因等,常常可以转换成相应的从句。
独立主格结构多用于书面语中。
Autumncomingon,thetreesturnyellow.
Shenotfeelingwell,wewereworriedabouther.
Weatherpermitting,wewillgoforapicnictomorrow.
Heenteredtheclassroom,hisnoseredwithcold.
Heinvitedustoseeafilm,hehimselftobuythetickets.
Themeetingover,thestudentsweredismissed.
Hewentoff,guninhand.
但应注意:
1)在“名词+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,如果有a,an,the,his,her,my,their等词分别修饰前后两个名词或名词本身为复数时,此结构可用with引导.例如:
Theoldfarmercameback,(with)alargebasketonhisshoulder.
2)若名词或代词和介词后面的名词前面没有任何冠词或所有格修饰,则不用with引导。
Theoldmansatinthechair,bookinhandandpipeinmouth.
Thelittleboyclimbedin,swordinhand.
3)“There+being”也可构成独立主格结构,但being不可省略。
例如:
Therebeingnobuses,wehadtowalktothetheatre.
Therebeingnomorethingtobediscussed,themeetingcametoanend.
【高考题再现】
1.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest___inayear.(05’湖南)
A.follows B.followed C.tofollow D.beingfollowed
2.Withsomanyeyes___onhim,hewastoonervoustospeak.
A.tofix B.fixing C.fixed D.beingfixed
3.___thelightoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.
A.Until B.As C.With D.Because
4.___soshortatimeleftbeforethedeadline,Ifeelitimpossibletogettheworkfinishedontime.
A.With B.As C.For D.Since
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