战国时期Warring States Period.docx
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战国时期Warring States Period.docx
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战国时期WarringStatesPeriod
WarringStatesPeriod(476-221BC)
Afterfurtherpoliticalconsolidation,sevenprominentstatesremainedbytheendof5thcenturyBC,andtheyearsinwhichthesefewstatesbattledeachotherareknownastheWarringStatesPeriod.ThoughthereremainedanominalZhoukinguntil256BC,hewaslargelyafigureheadandheldlittlerealpower.Asneighboringterritoriesofthesewarringstates,includingareasofmodernSichuanandLiaoning,wereannexed,theyweregovernedunderthenewlocaladministrativesystemofcommanderyandprefecture(郡縣/郡县).ThissystemhadbeeninusesincetheSpringandAutumnPeriod,andpartscanstillbeseeninthemodernsystemofSheng&Xian(provinceandcounty,省縣/省县).ThefinalexpansioninthisperiodbeganduringthereignofYingZheng,thekingofQin.Hisunificationoftheothersixpowers,andfurtherannexationsinthemodernregionsofZhejiang,Fujian,GuangdongandGuangxiin214BC,enabledhimtoproclaimhimselftheFirstEmperor(QinShiHuang).
BriefIntroduction
TheWarringStatesPeriod(simplifiedChinese:
战国时代;traditionalChinese:
戰國時代;pinyin:
ZhànguóShídài),alsoknownastheEraofWarringStates,coverstheperiodfromabout475BCtotheunificationofChinaundertheQinDynastyin221BC.ItisnominallyconsideredtobethesecondpartoftheEasternZhouDynasty,followingtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,althoughtheZhouDynastyendedin256BC,35yearsearlierthantheendoftheWarringStatesperiod.Duringtheseperiods,theChinesesovereign(kingoftheZhouDynasty)wasmerelyafigurehead.
ThenameWarringStatesPeriodwasderivedfromtheRecordoftheWarringStates,aworkcompiledearlyintheHanDynasty.ThedateforthebeginningoftheWarringStatesPeriodisdisputed.Whileitisfrequentlycitedas475BC(followingtheSpringandAutumnPeriod),403BC,thedateofthetripartitePartitionofJin,isalsoconsideredasthebeginningoftheperiod.[citationneeded]
TheSevenWarringStateswere:
Qininthewest,inthelowerWeiRivervalley"withinthepasses";Chu,onthesouthernfrontieraroundthemiddleYangziRiver;QitotheeastinShandong;Yan,inthefarnortheastnearBeijing;andinthecenter,fromsouthtonorth,Han,Wei,andZhao.Someaddaneighthstate:
Yueinthefarsoutheast,nearShanghai.
Contents
[hide]
∙1Culture
∙2History
o2.1BackgroundandOutline
o2.2Militarygeography
o2.3ThePartitionofJin(453and403BC)
o2.4ChangeofgovernmentinQi
o2.5ThethreeJins:
allianceandconflict(453-368BC)
o2.6WeidefeatedbyQi(370-340)
o2.7ThePeriodofQi(301-284)
o2.8TheperiodofZhao(284-260)
o2.9Chuexpansionanddefeats
o2.10TheRoyalTitle
o2.11HorizontalandVerticalAlliances
o2.12TheriseofQin
o2.13Qinconquerstheotherstates(230-221)
∙3MilitaryTheoryandPractice
o3.1Militarydevelopments
o3.2Militarythought
∙4References
∙5Externallinks
Culture
TheWarringStatesPeriodwasanerawhenregionalwarlordsannexedsmallerstatesaroundthemandconsolidatedtheirpower.TheprocessbeganintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,andbythe3rdcenturyBC,sevenmajorstateshademergedasthedominantpowersinChina.Anotherindicatorfortheshiftinpowerwasthechangeinthetitleusedbytherulersofthestates.Theywereinitiallyaddressedas"Dukes"(公),asignthattheywerevassalsoftheChinesesovereign(theKingoftheZhouDynasty),butlatertheycalledthemselves"Kings"(王),puttingthemonparwiththeChinesesovereign.
TheWarringStatesPeriodsawtheproliferationofironworkinginChina,replacingbronzeasthedominanttypeofmetalusedinwarfare.AreassuchasShu(present-daySichuan)andYue(present-dayZhejiang)werealsobroughtintotheChineseculturalsphereduringthistime.Differentphilosophies,knownastheHundredSchoolsofThought,developedinthisperiod.ThemostnotableschoolsofthoughtincludethoseofMencius,SunTzu,LaoZi,ZhuangZi,HanFeizi,XunZiandMozi.Tradealsobecameimportant,andsomemerchantshadconsiderablepowerinpolitics.[citationneeded]
WarfareintheWarringStatesPeriodwasalsodifferentfromtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,asmostarmiesmadeuseofinfantryandcavalryinbattles,andtheuseofchariotsbecamelesswidespread.Theuseofmassedinfantrymadewarfaremorebloodyandreducedtheimportanceofthearistocracywhichinturnmadethekingsmoredespotic.Fromthisperiodonward,asthevariousstatescompetedwitheachotherbymobilizingtheirarmiestowar,noblesinChinabelongedtotheliterateclass,ratherthantothewarriorclassashadpreviouslybeenthecase.
Thisperiodisalsonotableforthedevelopmentofcomplexbureaucraciesandcentralizedgovernments,aswellasaclearlyestablishedlegalsystem.ThedevelopmentsinpoliticalandmilitaryorganizationwerethebasisofthepoweroftheQinstate,whichconqueredtheotherstatesandunifiedthemundertheQinEmpirein221BC.
[edit]History
[edit]BackgroundandOutline
WhentheZhouDynastywasfoundedin1046BC,thelandwasdividedintohereditaryfiefs.After771theZhoukingwasreducedtoafigureheadandrealpowerwasheldby150ormorevassalstates.DuringthisSpringandAutumnPeriod(771-480BC)thesmallerstatesweregraduallyabsorbedbythelargerones.Byabout550therewereonlyfourmajorpowers:
Qin(west),Jin(west-center),Qi(east)andChu(south).MostoftheremainingsmallstateswerebetweenJinandQi.
∙circa450-350BC:
AffairsaredominatedbythethreefragmentsofJin,especiallyWei.
∙circa350-250BCwasthemainperiodofconflict.Thestatesruinedeachotherinincreasinglyviolentconflicts,leavingonlyQin.
∙circa250-221BC:
Qinconquersalltheotherstates,foundingtheQinDynasty.
∙Inmoredetail:
453:
Jin(center)splitsintoZhao,WeiandHan;383:
Zhaovs.Wei;340:
Wei(center)defeatedbyQi;284:
Qi(east)defeatedbyacoalition;278:
Chu(south)defeatedbyQin;260:
Zhao(north-center)defeatedbyQin.256:
Zhoukingshipabolished;230-221:
Qinconquersalltheotherstates.
[edit]Militarygeography
AMapfromtheDutchWikipedia
AtthistimeChinesecivilizationwasbasedintheYellowRiverbasinandwasslowlyexpandingsouthtotheYangtzeRiver.
∙Qin(west):
TheStateofQinwasinthefarwest,intheWeiRivervalleywithinitsnaturalfortress.
∙TheThreeJins(center):
NortheastofQin,ontheShanxiplateau,werethethreefragmentsofJin:
Zhao(north),Wei(center)andHan(south).WeiwasthestrongestandHanheldtheeast-weststretchoftheYellowRiverthatwasthemilitarygatewayintoQin.Thethreestatestendedtoexpandeastward.
∙Qi(east):
OnthehighlandsandpeninsulaofShandong,wasthewealthyStateofQi.
∙Chu(south):
TheStateofChuwasinthesouthalongtheYangtze.Ithadthelargestlandareabutmuchofthiswasundevelopedfrontier.
∙Yan(northeast):
NearBeijingwastherelativelyweakStateofYan.LateintheperiodYanpushednortheastandbegantooccupytheLiaodongPeninsula.
∙Others:
OnthesoutheastcoastnearShanghaiwastheminorStateofYue.InthefarsouthwestinSichuanweretheStatesofBaandShu.Thesewerenon-ZhoustatesthatwereconqueredbyQinlateintheperiod.BetweenShandongandShanxi(literally'Mountain-east'and'Mountain-west'),thatis,betweenQiandtheThreeJins,wasthecentralplainwithitsdensepopulationandmanysmallstates.
[edit]ThePartitionofJin(453and403BC)
Mainarticle:
PartitionofJin
Fromabout607BCtheJindukesbegantolosepowertotheirnobles.By523thestatewascontrolledbysixclans.Twoclanswereeliminatedby475andanotherin453.In403theZhoukingrecognizedthethreeremainingclansasindependentmarquisates:
Zhaointhenorth,WeiinthecenterandHaninthesouth.Thisleftsevengreatpowers:
thethreeremaininggreatpowers,thethreefragmentsofJinandYaninthenortheast.Althoughdivided,the"threeJins"remainedpowerful,especiallywhentheycooperated.
[edit]ChangeofgovernmentinQi
WarringStatesabout350BC
In389BC,theTian(田)familyseizedcontroloftheQistate(east)andweregiventhetitleofDuke.TheoldJiang(姜)family'sQistatecontinuedtoexistwithasmallpieceofterritoryuntil379BC,whenitwasfinallyabsorbedintoTianfamily'sQistate.
[edit]ThethreeJins:
allianceandconflict(453-368BC)
Duringthefirst50yearsthedivisionofJinallowedtheotherstatestoexpand,ChuandYuenorthwardandQisouthward.QinincreaseditscontrolofthelocaltribesandbeganitsexpansionsouthwesttoSichuan.
Frombefore405until383thethreeJinswereunitedundertheleadershipofWeiandexpandedinalldirections.ThemostimportantfigurewasMarquessWenofWei(445-396).In408-406heconqueredtheStateofZhongshantothenortheastontheothersideofZhao.AtthesametimehepushedwestacrosstheYellowRivertotheLuoRivertakingtheareaofXihe(literally'westofthe[Yellow]river').
ThegrowingpowerofWeicausedZhaotobackawayfromthealliance.In383itmoveditscapitaltoHandanandattackedWey.WeyappealedtoWeiwhichattackedZhaoonthewesternside.Beingindanger,ZhaocalledinChu.Asusual,Chuusedthisasapretexttoannexterritorytoitsnorth,butthediversionallowedZhaotooccupyapartofWei.ThisconflictmarkedtheendofthepoweroftheunitedJinsandthebeginningaperiodofshiftingalliancesandwarsonseveralfronts.
In370BC,MarquessWuofWeidiedwithoutnamingasuccessor,whichledtoawarofsuccession.Afterthreeyearsofcivilwar,ZhaofromthenorthandHanfromthesouthinvadedWei.OnthevergeofconqueringWei,theleadersofZhaoandHanf
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