旧prep1假设和评价题目.docx
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旧prep1假设和评价题目.docx
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旧prep1假设和评价题目
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Thehigherthelevelofcertainvitaminsandmineralsinthebloodstream,thebetteraperson'slungfunction,asmeasuredbytheamountofairthepersoncanexpelinonesecond.Thelungfunctionofsmokersissignificantlyworse,onaverage,thanthatofnonsmokers.Clearly,therefore,onewayforsmokerstoimprovetheirlungfunctionisforthemtoincreasetheirintakeoffoodsthatarerichinthesehelpfulvitaminsandminerals.
Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichthisargumentdepends?
(A)Smokersarelesslikelythannonsmokerstohavedietsthatarerichinvitaminsandminerals.
(B)Thelungfunctionofsmokerswhosedietsarerichinthosevitaminsandmineralsisgenerallybetterthanthatofnonsmokerswithcomparablediets.
(C)Peoplewhosedietsaredeficientinthosevitaminsandmineralsdonottypicallyhaveotherhealthproblemsinadditiontodiminishedlungfunction.
(D)Stoppingsmokingwillnottypicallyimprovelungfunctionmorethananydietchangescan.
(E)Smokingdoesnotintroduceintothebodychemicalsthatpreventthehelpfulvitaminsandmineralsfromenteringthebloodstream.
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Mostoftheworld'ssupplyofuraniumcurrentlycomesfrommines.Itispossibletoextracturaniumfromseawater,butthecostofdoingsoisgreaterthanthepricethaturaniumfetchesontheworldmarket.Therefore,untilthecostofextractinguraniumfromseawatercansomehowbereduced,thismethodofobtaininguraniumisunlikelytobecommerciallyviable.
Whichofthefollowingwoulditbemostusefultodetermineinevaluatingtheargument?
(A)Whethertheuraniumindepositsonlandisrapidlybeingdepleted
(B)Whethermosturaniumisusednearwhereitismined
(C)Whetherthereareanytechnologicaladvancesthatshowpromiseofreducingthecostofextractinguraniumfromseawater
(D)Whetherthetotalamountofuraniuminseawaterissignificantlygreaterthanthetotalamountofuraniumonland
(E)Whetheruraniumcanbeextractedfromfreshwateratacostsimilartothecostofextractingitfromseawater
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Urbanaircontainsmoresulfurdioxidethandoesruralair,andplantsincitiestypicallygrowmoreslowlythandoplantsinruralareas.Inanexperimenttoseehowmuchofthedifferenceingrowthisduetosulfurdioxide,classesinanurbanandaruralschoolgrewplantsingreenhousesattheirschoolsandfilteredthegreenhouseairtoeliminatesulfurdioxide.Plantsintheurbangreenhousegrewmoreslowlythanthoseintheruralgreenhouse.
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,woulditbemostimportanttotakeintoaccountinevaluatingtheresult?
(A)Theurbanschoolwaslocatedinapartofthecityinwhichlevelsofsulfurdioxideintheairwereusuallyfarlowerthanistypicalforurbanareas.
(B)Atbothschools,theplantsinthegreenhousesgrewmuchmorequicklythandidplantsplantedoutdoorsinplotsnearthegreenhouses.
(C)Theurbanclassconductingtheexperimentwaslargerthantheruralclassconductingtheexperiment.
(D)Heavyvehiculartrafficsuchasisfoundincitiesconstantlydepositsgrimeongreenhousewindows,reducingtheamountoflightthatreachestheplantsinside.
(E)Becauseofthehigherlevelsofsulfurdioxideintheairattheurbanschool,theairfiltersfortheurbanschool'sgreenhousewerechangedmorefrequentlythanwerethoseattheruralschool.
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Gortlandhaslongbeennarrowlyself-sufficientinbothgrainandmeat.However,aspercapitaincomeinGortlandhasrisentowardtheworldaverage,percapitaconsumptionofmeathasalsorisentowardtheworldaverage,andittakesseveralpoundsofgraintoproduceonepoundofmeat.Therefore,sincepercapitaincomecontinuestorise,whereasdomesticgrainproductionwillnotincrease,Gortlandwillsoonhavetoimporteithergrainormeatorboth.
Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?
(A)ThetotalacreagedevotedtograinproductioninGortlandwillsoondecrease.
(B)ImportingeithergrainormeatwillnotresultinasignificantlyhigherpercentageofGortlanders'incomesbeingspentonfoodthaniscurrentlythecase.
(C)ThepercapitaconsumptionofmeatinGortlandisincreasingatroughlythesamerateacrossallincomelevels.
(D)ThepercapitaincomeofmeatproducersinGortlandisrisingfasterthanthepercapitaincomeofgrainproducers.
(E)PeopleinGortlandwhoincreasetheirconsumptionofmeatwillnotradicallydecreasetheirconsumptionofgrain.
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Tigerbeetlesaresuchfastrunnersthattheycancapturevirtuallyanynonflyinginsect.However,whenrunningtowardaninsect,thebeetlesintermittentlystop,andthen,amomentlater,resumetheirattack.Perhapstheycannotmaintaintheirpaceandmustpauseforamoment'srest;butanalternativehypothesisisthatwhilerunningtigerbeetlesareunabletoprocesstheresultingrapidlychangingvisualinformation,andsoquicklygoblindandstop.
Whichofthefollowing,ifdiscoveredinexperimentsusingartificiallymovedpreyinsects,wouldsupportoneofthetwohypothesesandunderminetheother?
(A)Whenapreyinsectismoveddirectlytowardabeetlethathasbeenchasingit,thebeetleimmediatelyturnsandrunsawaywithoutitsusualintermittentstopping.
(B)Inpursuingamovinginsect,thebeetlesusuallyrespondimmediatelytochangesintheinsect'sdirection,andpauseequallyfrequentlywhetherthechaseisupordownanincline.
(C)Thebeetlesmaintainafixedtimeintervalbetweenpauses,althoughwhenaninsectthathadbeenstationarybeginstoflee,thebeetleincreasesitsspeedafteritsnextpause.
(D)If,whenabeetlepauses,ithasnotgainedontheinsectitispursuing,thebeetlegenerallyendsitspursuit.
(E)Whenanobstacleissuddenlyintroducedjustinfrontofrunningbeetles,thebeetlessometimesstopimmediately,buttheyneverrespondbyrunningaroundthebarrier.
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CapuchinmonkeysinVenezuelaoftenrubacertaintypeofmillipedeintotheirfur.Secretionsofthesemillipedeshavebeenshowntocontaintwochemicalsthatarepotentmosquitorepellents,andmosquitoescarryparasitesthatdebilitatethecapuchins.Therubbingbehaviorisrareexceptduringtherainyseason,whenmosquitopopulationsareattheirpeak.Therefore,themonkeysprobablyrubthemillipedesintotheirfurbecausedoingsohelpsprotectthemagainstmosquitoes.
Whichofthefollowingwoulditbemostusefultodetermineinordertoevaluatetheargument?
(A)Whetherthetwochemicalsprovideanyprotectionforthemillipedesagainsttheirownpredators
(B)WhetherthetypeofmillipedeusedbythecapuchinmonkeysinVenezuelaisfoundinotherpartsoftheworld
(C)Whetheranimalsotherthancapuchinsrubinsectsofanykindintotheirfur
(D)Whethertheonlytimethemillipedesarereadilyavailabletothecapuchinsisduringtherainyseason
(E)Whethersecretionsofanyotherinsectsaccessibletothecapuchinscontainchemicalsthatrepelmosquitoes
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Columnist:
Peopleshouldavoidusingacertainartificialfatthathasbeentoutedasaresourceforthosewhosemedicaladvisershaveadvisedthemtoreducetheirfatintake.Althoughtheartificialfat,whichcanbeusedinplaceoffatinfoodpreparation,hasnoneofthenegativehealtheffectsoffat,itdoeshaveaseriousdrawback:
itabsorbscertainessentialvitamins,therebypreventingthemfrombeingusedbythebody.
Inevaluatingthecolumnist'sposition,itwouldbemostusefultodeterminewhichofthefollowing?
(A)Whetherincreasingone'sintakeofthevitaminscancompensatefortheeffectsoftheartificialfat
(B)Whetherthevitaminsthattheartificialfatabsorbsarepresentinfoodsthatcontainthefat
(C)Whetherhavinganextremelylowfatintakeforanextendedperiodcanendangerthehealth
(D)Whetherthereareanyfoodsthatcannotbepreparedusingtheartificialfatasasubstituteforotherfats
(E)Whetherpeoplearegenerallyabletodetectdifferencesintastebetweenfoodspreparedusingtheartificialfatandfoodsthataresimilarexceptfortheuseofotherfats
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Generallyscientistsentertheirfieldwiththegoalofdoingimportantnewresearchandacceptastheircolleaguesthosewithsimilarmotivation.Therefore,whenanyscientistwinsrenownasanexpounderofsciencetogeneralaudiences,mostotherscientistsconcludethatthispopularizershouldnolongerberegardedasatruecolleague.
Theexplanationofferedaboveforthelowesteeminwhichscientificpopularizersareheldbyresearchscientistsassumesthat
(A)seriousscientificresearchisnotasolitaryactivity,butreliesonactivecooperationamongagroupofcolleagues
(B)researchscientiststendnottoregardascolleaguesthosescientistswhoserenowntheyenvy
(C)ascientistcanbecomeafamouspopularizerwithouthavingcompletedanyimportantresearch
(D)researchscientistsbelievethatthosewhoarewellknownaspopularizersofsciencearenotmotivatedtodoimportantnewresearch
(E)noimportantnewresearchcanbeaccessibletooraccuratelyassessedbythosewhoarenotthemselvesscientists
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Thetechnologicalconservatismofbicyclemanufacturersisareflectionofthekindsofdemandtheyaretryingtomeet.Theonlycyclistsseriouslyinterestedininnovationandwillingtopayforitarebicycleracers.Therefore,innovationinbicycletechnologyislimitedbywhatauthoritieswillacceptasstandardforpurposesofcompetitioninbicycleraces.
Whichof
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