英语学习 Infinitive.ppt
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英语学习 Infinitive.ppt
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Infinitive,Theysayapersonneedsjustthreethingstobetrulyhappyinthisworldsomeonetolove,somethingtodoandsomethingtohopefor.,不定式的作用
(一):
做主语,不定式放在句首作主语Toerrishuman;toforgive,divine.犯错人皆难免,宽恕则属超凡。
Toloveforthesakeofbeinglovedishuman,buttoloveforthesakeoflovingisangelic.因为被爱而爱,是人之常情;因为爱而爱,责难能可贵(超凡脱俗)。
不定式放在句末作主语,“Itis+adj.+todo”结构Bushsremarks:
Educationisthebestanti-crimeprogram.Itsimportanttoenforcelaw.Itsimportanttoholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.Itisimportanttohaveconsistentpolicythatsays,ifyouharmsomebody,therewillbeapunishmentforthatharm.,Itsimportanttoenforcelaw.=Toenforcelawisimportant.Itsimportanttoholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.=Toholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.,Itisimportanttohaveconsistentpolicythatsays,ifyouharmsomebody,therewillbeapunishmentforthatharm.=Tohaveconsistentpolicyisimportantthatsays,It作形式主语,放在句首,而将真正的主语不定式(短语)放在句子后面,构成了“It+todo”这样的句型。
CanyoupointouttherealSubjectofthefollowingsentence?
Itiseasyforthegrowingnumberof“Chinawatchers”throughtheworld,enthralledbytherapidemergenceofafront-rankingeconomicpowersettingnewdevelopmentrecordswitheachpassingyear,tooverlookthefactthatthepasthalf-centuryhasbeenanunusualdifficulttimeinwhichtoperformsuchfeats.,其他结构IttakestimeandefforttomasterEnglish.=TomasterEnglishneedstimeandeffort.ItismydutytohelpyouwithyourEnglish.=TohelpyouwithyourEnglishismyduty.,不定式的作用
(二):
作宾语,结构一:
动词+todoIhopetoseeyouagain.Thiscompanyrefusedtocooperatewithus.Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.不定式可以直接跟在一个及物动词后面作宾语,这时句子有以下两个特点:
1)句子的主语和不定式的逻辑主语是一致的,即两个动词所表示的动作都是由全句主语发出的;2)这时句子的谓语动词多是描写态度,不定式的动词则说明行为。
英语中常需要接不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,consent,dare,decide,determine,expect,fail,forget,happen,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,propose,refuse.,结构二:
动词+疑问词+todoIwonderwhotoinvite.Idontknowwhethertoanswerhisletter.Showuswhattodo.Whereveryouareinlife,yourhabitsdetermine95%ofyourthoughts,feelingandactions.Thisbookshowsyouhowtodevelopthelifelonghabitsforgreatsuccess.类似的动词有:
ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,forget,findout,guess,imagine,know,结构三:
动词+it+宾语补足语+todoIthinkithardtoanswerthequestioninonego.Hefeelsitchallengingtobeamarketingsupervisor.,在“谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”这样的结构中,如果宾语由一个不定式充当,此时的不定式不能直接放在谓语动词后面,而需要变成这样的结构:
“动词+it+宾语补足语+todo”,也就是说此时作宾语的不定式被后置了,放在了宾语补足语的后面,而用it作形式宾语放在谓语后面作宾语。
不定式作用(三):
作宾语补足语,动词+宾语+todoTheydontallowpeopletosmokeinthetheater.Thechairmandeclaredthemeetingtobeover.Allowmetoproposeatoasttoourfriendship!
不定式的作用(四):
作定语,Heisthebestmantochoose.Howtounderstandortranslatethissentence?
主谓关系:
由他来做出选择是最好的。
动宾关系:
他是最佳的人选。
Ihavealettertowrite.Ineedapentowrite.Ineedsomepapertowrite.Lookatthesentencesabove,andtrytofindoutwhethertheywerewrittencorrectlyornot?
Andhowtocorrectthem?
名词+todo重点:
作定语的不定式与被修饰名词之间的各种逻辑关系,有助于对句子的理解和翻译。
因不定式是由小品词to后面接一个动词而构成的,这是一个短语形式,而短语作名词的定语时都要置于名词的后面,即构成后置定语。
故此,不定式作定语都要放在被修饰名词的后面。
宾语关系,不定式中的动词的宾语Igavethekidacomictoread.Wehadalongjourneytomakebeforenightfall.不定式中的介词的宾语Shehasfourchildrentotakecareof.Ihadnoplacetolivein.,主语关系,ThemantohelpyouisMr.Johnson.Haveyougotakeytounlockthisdoor?
Idontthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.,同位语关系,Hisrefusaltoco-operatemakesusangry.Ihavenowishtochange.Herreluctancetoaccepthisinvitationupsethim.所谓同位语关系,就是指不定式短语的内容是对被修饰的名词作进一步补充说明,因此名词与不定式短语之间构成同为说明的关系。
不是所有的名词与不定式连用都表示同位语关系,常见的名词有:
arrangement,attempt,claim,decision,hope,determination,failure,need,plan,promise,refusal,resolution,tendency,threat,wish等等。
状语关系,方式状语关系RoleplayingisasafeandenjoyablewaytolearnEnglish.Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:
oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.时间状语关系ThetimetogoisJuly.,地点状语关系AgoodplacetoeatistheSichuanrestaurantaroundthecorner.,不定式的作用(五):
作状语,1)目的状语Idclimbthehighestmountain,justtoseeyoursmile.Idswimtheocean,justtoholdyourhand.Idrunamillionmiles,justtobewithyouforever.Toacquireknowledge,onemuststudy;buttoacquirewisdom,onemustobserve.Dontavoidtheproblem.Tosucceed,youhavetotackleyourdifficulties.,结果状语:
1)onlytodoWehurriedtotherailwaystation,onlytofindthetrainhadjustleft.Alltoooften,womencomplainthattheyreeducatedasequals,onlytogooutintotheworkforcetobetreatedasinferiors.,2)soastodo/suchastodoHerstoryissosadastoarouseoursympathy.Heissoindifferentastomakeeveryonedespair.Shehadsuchagoodfriendastohelpherwhenshewasintrouble.,3)enoughtodoMonkeyhuntersuseaboxwithanopeningatthetop,bigenoughforthemonkeytoslideitshandin.4)tootodoTheteaistoohottodrink.Theboxistooheavyformetoevenmove.,5)条件状语Thefatherwillbeproudforhissontowinthegoldmedal.=Thefatherwillbeproudifhissonwinsthegoldmedal.6)原因状语Theylaughedtoseetheclown.=Theylaughedastheysawtheclown.,不定式作用(六):
独立使用的不定式,不定式可以作独立成分,用来修饰整个句子,常见的有:
tobeginwith,totellthetruth,tomakealongstoryshort,sotospeak,tobebrief/exact/frank/honest,tosaynothing,tosaytheleast等等。
Tobeginwith,onbehalfofallofyourAmericanguests,Iwishtothankyoufortheincomparablehospitality.Tomakealongstoryshort,heisinhospitalnow.,成份分析,AsMarkTwainsaid,itisbettertodeserveanhonorandnothaveitthantohaveitandnotdeserveit.Becausedignityisnotinpossessingbutdeserving.Itisbettertolosehonorablythantosucceedwithdishonesty.Losinghonorablymaysignifylackofpreparationbutdishonestwinningsignifieslackofcharacter.(主语),Everyreaderfindshimself.Thewritersworkismerelyakindofopticalinstrumentthatmakesitpossibleforthereadertodiscernwhat,withoutthisbook,hewouldperhapsneverhaveseeninhimself.(宾语)Thereareover100nightschoolinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobere-educatednomatterwhathedoes.(宾语),ThereisstillgoodavailabilityofsomeofthehottesttoysthisChristmas,butwestilladviseparentsandshopperstogettostoresasearlyaspossiblenextweek.(宾补)Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.(宾补),Ineedtobuyanoutfitforthegymtoexercisein.(定语,宾语关系)ThenexttraintoarriveisfromNewYork.(定语,主语关系)Clintwasthesecondpersontofallintothistrap.(定语,主语关系),Theireagernesstohelppleasedme.(定语,同位语关系)Youjustregardmeasathing,anobjecttolookat,touse,totouch,butnottolistentoortotakeseriously.(定语,宾语关系),Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.(目的状语,定语,同位语关系),AccordingtotheChinesetraditionoftheWaterSplashingFestival,themorewateryoupouroversomeonethemoreluckyougivethem.Sowegaveeachotheragoodfewhoursofhairsoakingandeye-reddeninglucktoremembereachotherby.(定语,宾语关系)介词by联系不定式toremembereachother和名词luck,相当于toremembereachotherbythisluck.,A:
Youreinprettylousymood,huh?
B:
Tosaytheleast.(独立结构)Tomakealongstoryshort,heisinhospitalnow.(独立结构),不定式的作用(八):
形容词+todo,重点:
弄清楚不定式的逻辑语义关系。
也就是“句子主语”与todo的关系。
Heisinterestingtolistento.Howtotranslatethissentence?
Heisinterestingtolistento.=Itisinterestingtolistentohim.OrTolistentohimisinteresting.,Heiseasytofool.他很容易被骗。
Heisafraidtobefooled.他很害怕被骗。
Heiseasytoplease.他很容易被取悦。
Heiseagertoplease.他很喜欢取悦别人。
宾语关系,Heiseasytofool.=Itiseasytofoolhim.Tofoolhimiseasy.表层结构上He作句子的主语,但深层结构真正的主语是tofoolhim这件事,he在深层结构上作fool的宾语。
Heiseasytoplease.Heisdifficulttounderstand.Sheisverynicetotalkto.Maryiseasytogetonwith.Englishisdifficulttospeak.Thebreadishardtobake.,主语关系,Heiskindtohelpus.这里He既是谓语iskind的主语,同时也是不定式tohelpus的逻辑主语,所以句子主语与不定式动词构成“主语关系”。
=Itiskindofhimtohelpus.OrHeissokindastohelpus.,Thebookisinterestingtobuy.Thefoodisreadytoeat.Thewateriswarmtoswimin.Thedormistoonoisytostudyin.,Youarefoolishtospendsomuch.=Itisfoolishofyoutospendsomuch.OrYouaresofoolishastospendsomuch.Scottisverygeneroustobealwaysinvitingusoutformeals.,Heisgladtohelpus.这里He既是谓语isglad的主语,同时也是不定式tohelpus的逻辑主语,所以句子主语与不定式动词构成“主语关系”。
Heisslowtoreact.=Hereactsslowly.,不定式的时态、语态,e.g.Hewantssomephotographstobetaken.Iwanttheseletterstobetypedatonce.Imsorrytohavebotheredyouwithsomanyquestionsonsuchanoccasion.HehappenedtobesingingintheroomwhenIcameinthismorning.TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.,省去to的不定式,最常见的不定式需要省略to的情况是出现在某些动词的宾语补足语中:
see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,let,make,havee.g.Themothermakeshersonplaytheviolinthreehoursaday.Theteacherletsuswriteacompositioneveryweek.,在donothing/anything/everythingbutdo句型中:
e.g.Ihavenothingtodobutwait.Hewilldoanythingbutgivein.Allyoudoissitandwatchtelevisionandcomplainabouthowtiredyouare.在why(not)+do句子中e.g.Whypaytoseethatmovie,sinceyoucanseeitonTVfornothing?
在一些短语结构中:
hadbetter,wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbute.g.Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.在morethan,ratherthan,otherthan,than后面加不带to的不定式e.g.Teachersdomuchmorethanimpartknowledge.Theyareforcesyounglives.,Thankyou,
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