Chapter-3-Critical-ThinkingPPT文件格式下载.ppt
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Chapter-3-Critical-ThinkingPPT文件格式下载.ppt
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Howaretheargumentsphrased?
Isthepositionaccurateforthequestionathand?
IntellectualStandardsofThinkingClarity.Aretheargumentsunderstandable?
Isthereavaguenessthatdoesnotallowforunderstandingofaspecificelement?
Forexample,isthepurposeclear?
Accuracy.Istheinformationbeingunsedtrueandcomplete?
Aretheconclusionsbeingdrawnappropriatefromtheinformationavaible?
Precision.Arethereenoughdetailstosatisfythespecificrequirements?
Doestheactionhavesufficientconditionspresentedtosolvetheproblem(i.e.enoughmoney)?
Relevance.Howmuchdoestheelementrelatetotheissueathand?
Doestheopponentsargumentactuallyrefutesomethingyousay?
Significance.Howimportantissomething?
Canitssignificancebemeasured?
Theremayalsobeseveralvaluesinvolvedinadebate.Whenlookingtothequalityofthevaluescanyoudeterminewhicharemoreimportantandwhy?
Isthesignificanceyoupresentgreaterthanthesignificancetheotherteampresents?
Depth.Whenevaluatinganissue,isthereaneedforunderstandingotherspecificswithintheissue?
Breadth.Whenevaluatinganissue,arethereotherareasofinterestnecessaryforunderstandingthecompletepicture?
Logic.Doestheargumentmakesense?
Dotheconclusionscomefromtheanalysisandevidenceprovided?
Fairness.Isanobjectivepositionbeingtaken?
Arethereotherpointsofviewthatneedtobeconsideredtominimizeethnocentrismoregocentrism?
Withtheeightelementsandninestandards,youactuallyhave72waystoanalyseandevaluateanyissue.,ArgumentConstructionThroughtheToulminModel,Claim:
statementsaboutfacts,values,orpolicies.Data:
inotherwords,ground,evidence,support,proof,documentation,orsubstance.warrant:
therelevantlink,ortheanalysisthatputstheclaimanddatatogetherandmakessenseoftheargument.,CLAIMOralcommunicationskillsincreaseemploymentopportunities.,DATAResearchontheFortune500listsoralcommunicationasthetopappliedskills.,WARRANTWhatistruefortheFortune500isprobablytrueformostprospectiveemployees.,LogicalArgumentConstruction,CLAIMAirpollutionisbadforhumanhealth.,DATAThereareover500McDonaldsRestaurantsinBeijing.,WARRANTThereisnoobviousrelationshipthatlingsthesetwotogether.Thisargumentisunsound.,IllogicalArgumentConstruction,CLAIMPolicewontdevotetheirenergytocriminalinvestionation.,DATADNAtechnologyisdeveloped.,WARRANTDNAmakesworklighter.,Decideifthefollowingsaresound,CLAIMPolicewontfindallthemembersofgroupcrimes.,DATADNAmakesworklighter.,WARRANTPolicewillnotdevoteenoughenergyanymorewithmoreadvancetechnology.,Decideifthefollowingsaresound,CLAIMSecretinformationwillnotleakout.,DATANoteveryonehasaccesstosecretinformation.,WARRANTPolicewillhandleinformationinsafeandsoundway.,CLAIMDNAinformationcantbeusedtodevelopnation-specificbiochemicalweapons.,DATATheDNAinformationwecollecttoidentifypersonsareisgeneraltobeusedforbiochemicalweapons.,WARRANTWhatisinsidetheidentificalbeDNAinformationisuncleartolaymen.,CLAIMWeshouldnotbanmilitaryuseofspace.,DATATheUSAisverystrong.,WARRANTAstrongcountrycannotbeprohibitedfromdoinganything.,CLAIMTerritoriescanbeusedformilitarypurposes.,DATATerritoriesbelongtodifferentcountries.,WARRANTNationshavetherighttousetheirlandforanypurposes.,6.ChinaShouldImpose“CarbonTaxes”(11&
12)7.TheChineseGovernmentIsIgnoringtheMiddle-IncomeGroup(13&
14),7.TheChineseGovernmentIsIgnoringtheMiddle-IncomeGroup(13&
14)8.ChinaShouldSynchronizeCongressesoftheCPCwithNPCandCPPCC(15&
16),3-MinuteSpeeches,8.ChinaShouldSynchronizeCongressesoftheCPCwiththeNPCandtheCPPCC(15&
16)9.Beijing,ShanghaiandNanjingShouldSubstantiallyIncreasetheNumbersofTaxis(17&
18),9.Beijing,ShanghaiandNanjingShouldSubstantiallyIncreasetheNumbersofTaxis(17&
18)10.ChinaShouldNOTHaveAllowedBoXilaitoLaunchtheCampaignofSo-called“SingingRedSongsandSmashingtheEvils”(19&
20),10.ChinaShouldNOTHaveAllowedBoXilaitoLaunchtheCampaignofSo-called“SingingRedSongsandSmashingtheEvils”(19&
20)11.ChinaShouldReduceTaxesfromGasolinePrices(21&
22),11.ChinaShouldReduceTaxesfromGasolinePrices(21&
22)12.ChinaShouldHaveDebatesinPresidentialElections(23&
24),12.ChinaShouldHaveDebatesinPresidentialElections(23&
24)13.ChinaShouldCriminalize“PumpingWasteWaterUnderground”(25&
26),13.ChinaShouldCriminalize“PumpingWasteWaterUnderground”(25&
26)14.ChinaShouldTransformMostofthePublicly-OwnedUniversitiestoPrivately-OwnedUniversities(27&
28),14.ChinaShouldTransformMostofthePublicly-OwnedUniversitiestoPrivately-OwnedUniversities(27&
28)15.ChinaShouldOpenGovernmentalWorkingSlotstoAIDSPatients(29&
30),15.ChinaShouldOpenGovernmentalWorkingSlotstoHIV-Carriers(29&
30)16.ChinaShouldCloseThoseHighly-PollutingEnterprises(31&
32),16.ChinaShouldCloseDownThoseHighly-PollutingEnterprises(31&
32)17.ChinaShouldCloseDownWomensColleges(33&
34),17.ChinaShouldCloseDownWomensColleges(33&
34)18.ChinaShouldProvideCollegeEducationFreeofCharge(35&
36),18.ChineseGovernmentShouldProvideCollegeEducationFreeofCharge(35&
36)19.ChinaShouldEncourageStudentstoTransferBetweenUniversitiesoftheSamePrestige(37&
38),3-MinuteSpeeches,ChinaShouldCriminalizeLeaving6-Year-OldsorYoungerChildreninCarsWithouttheCareofAdults,PropositionOppositionOdd-NumberStudentEven-NumberStudent,
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- Chapter Critical Thinking