英美文学选读笔记精挑细选版Word格式.docx
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英美文学选读笔记精挑细选版Word格式.docx
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theeconomicexpansion.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&
scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&
torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.
2.Humanism:
HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthorsandisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.
3.Spenserianstanza:
斯宾塞诗体
SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&
thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.
4.Metaphysicalpoetry:
Theterm"
metaphysicalpoetry"
iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryindrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'
sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.
5.TheRenaissancehero:
ARenaissanceheroreferstoonecreatedbyChristopherMarloweinhisdrama.Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.HeembodiesMarlowe'
shumanisticidesofhumandignityandcapacity.Differentfromthetragicheroinmedievalplays,whoseeksthewaytoheaventhroughsalvationandgod'
swill,heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.BothTamburlaineandFaustusaretypicalinpossessingsuchaspirit.
MainqualitiesofSpenser'
spoetry
①aperfectmelody
②araresenseofbeauty
③asplendidimagination
④aloftymoralpurity&
seriousness
⑤adedicatedidealism
2)Inhiswriting,Spenserdrewontheconventions&
thoughtofClassical,medieval,&
Renaissanceliterature.However,headdedtohisfusionofthesediverseelementsmuchthatwasoriginal,&
hisworksinspiredmanylaterEnglishpoets.Hecreatedanewstanza,calledtheSpenserianstanza,whichiswellsuitedtonarrativeverse.HisskillsinwritingmelodiousEnglishverse&
hiscombinationofemotion,erudition,&
spiritualvisionhavewonhimtheadmirationofgenerationsofEnglishpoets.Itishisidealism,hisloveofbeauty,&
hisexquisitemelodythatmakehimknownas"
thepoets'
poet."
WilliamShakespeare
1.一般识记
BriefIntroduction
WilliamShakespearewasthegreatestwriterofplayswhoeverlived.Hisfriend&
fellowplaywrightBenJonsonsaidthatShakespearewas"
notofanagebutforalltime."
The18th-centuryEnglishessayistSamuelJohnsondescribedhisworkas"
themirroroflife."
The19th-centuryEnglishpoetSamuelTaylorColeridgespokeof"
myriad-mindedShakespeare."
The20th-centuryEnglishdramatistGeorgeBernardShawstressedhis"
enormouspoweroverlanguage."
hisdramaticcareerisdividedinto4periods.
Shakespeare’sauthenticnon-dramaticpoetryconsistsoftwolongnarrativepoems:
Venus&
Adonis&
TheRapeofLucerne&
hissequenceof154sonnets.
3.领会
HisInfluence
1)Contributionstolanguage
ManywordsandcommonlyusedphraseshavebeenaddedtoeverydayEnglishvocabularythroughtheirappearanceinShakespeare’sworks.
2)Effectsonliterature
Shakespeare’splays&
poetryhavehadapervasiveinfluenceonworldliterature.Mostofthegreatliteraryfiguresoftheworldhavebeeninspired&
stimulatedbyhisachievement.
Onthewhole,however,Shakespeare’scontributionhasbeentothelanguage&
spiritoflaterwritingratherthantoitsform.References&
parallelstoShakespeare’sphraseologyhaveoccurredinliteraturesincethe16thcentury.PerhapsthegreatestinspirationtosubsequentauthorshasbeenShakespeare’scapacitytodepictlifeinallitscomplexity&
toilluminateman’scharacter&
destiny.
HisMajorTheme
1)Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecution&
racialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequality&
thecorruptinginfluenceofgold&
money.
2)Hewasahumanistofthetime&
acceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.
6.领会
HisLiteraryAchievements
1)Characterization
Hismajorcharactersareneithermerelyindividualonesnortypeones;
theyareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.Eachcharacterhashisorherownpersonalities;
meanwhile,theymaysharefeatureswithothers.Thesoliloquiesinhisplaysfullyrevealtheinnerconflictofhischaracters.Shakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairs.Contrastsarefrequentlyusedtobringvividnesstohischaracters.
Thewomenintheplaysarevividcreations,eachdifferingfromtheothers.Shakespearewasfondofportraying"
mockingwenches,"
suchasKateoftheTamingoftheShrew,RosalineofLove'
'
sLabor'
sLost,&
BeatriceofMuchAdoAboutNothing,buthewasequallyadeptatcreatinggentle&
innocentwomen,suchasOpheliainHamlet,DesdemonainOthello,&
CordeliainKingLear.HisfemalecharactersalsoincludethetreacherousGoneril&
Regan,theiron-willedLadyMacbeth,thewitty&
resourcefulPortia,thetender&
loyalJuliet,&
thealluringCleopatra.
2)PlotConstruction
Shakespeare’splaysarewellknownfortheiradroitplotconstruction.Heseldominventshisownplots;
instead,heborrowsthemfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks,orfromancientGreek&
Romansources.Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay,thusprovidingthestorywithsuspense&
apprehension.
3)Language
InShakespeare’stime,Englishgrammar&
spellingwerenotyetformalized,soShakespearecouldfreelyinterchargethevariouspartsofspeech,usingnounsasadjectivesorverbs,adjectivesasadverbs,&
pronounsasnouns.Suchfreedomgavehislanguageanextraordinaryflexibility,whichenabledhimtoexpresshisthoughtsaseasilyinpoetryasinprose.
MostofShakespeare’sdramaticpoetryisinblankverse,orunrhymediambicpentameter.Hisblandverseisespeciallybeautiful&
mighty.Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabulary&
idiom.Hiscoinageofnewwords&
distortionofthemeaningoftheoldonesalsocreatestrikingeffectsonthereader.
ChapterIITheNeoclassicalPeriod
1)TheEnlightenmentMovement
The18th-centuryEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance&
sweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th&
16thcenturies.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodemphilosophical&
artisticideas.Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equality&
science.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reason&
rules&
advocateduniversaleducation.FamousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeJohnDryden,Alexanderpope&
soon.
2)Neoclassicism
Inthefieldofliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.Accordingtotheneoclassicists,allformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&
Romanwriters(Homer,Virgil,&
soon)&
thoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotion&
accuracy,&
thatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Thisbeliefledthemtoseekproportion,unity,harmony&
graceinliteraryexpressions,inanefforttodelight,instruct&
correcthumanbeings,primarilyassocialanimals.Thus,apolite,urbane,witty,&
intellectualartdeveloped.
3)Theheroiccouplet英雄双行诗
ItmeansapairoflinesofatypeoncecommoninEnglishpoetry,whichrhyme&
arewrittenwithfivebeatseach……
4)theRealistic
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