韩国桥梁施工与研发.docx
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韩国桥梁施工与研发.docx
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韩国桥梁施工与研发
RecentMajorBridgesConstructionandR&DActivitiesinKorea
Hyun-MooKOH
Professor,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,Korea
Chair,KoreanGroupofIABSE
hmkoh@snu.ac.kr
YoungSukPARK
Professor,MyongjiUniversity,Yongin,Korea
Vice-Chair,KoreanGroupofIABSE
pys@mju.ac.kr
YangheeJOE
Professor,UniversityofIncheon,Incheon,Korea
President,EarthquakeEngineeringSocietyofKorea
yhjoe@incheon.ac.kr
Summary
Duringarelativelyshortperiod,bridgetechnologyinKoreahasrecognizedoutstandingdevelopment.Owingtothegovernmentalpolicyaimingtoachievebalancedregionaldevelopment,unprecedentedbridgeconstructionactivitiesareconductedinthepeninsula,especiallyinthesouthwesterncoasttolinksomeofthe3,000islandswiththemainland.Koreanbridgeengineersarenowdesigningandconstructingbridgesusingdomestictechnology,whichhastodayreachedalevelenablingtorealizetheerectionofnumeroussea-crossingbridgescountingamongthelongestintheworldlikeIncheoncable-stayedbridge(mainspan800m)andGwangyangsuspensionbridge(mainspan1545m).ThispaperreviewstheevolutionofmodernbridgeconstructioninKoreaandpresentsmajorbridgesrecentlyerectedortobebuilt.R&Dprogramsdedicatedtotheadvancementofbridgetechnologyarealsointroduced.
Keywords:
bridgetechnology;sea-crossingbridges;cable-supportedbridges;R&Dprograms.
1.Introduction
Despiteofitsshorthistoryof40years,theKoreanbridgetechnologyrecognizedoutstandingdevelopment.Theconstructionofbridgeswasatfirstinvolvedassocialinfrastructuresupportingtheseriesof5-yearplansofthegovernmentalpolicysince1962aimingtoboosttheeconomyofthecountry.Asaresult,thebridgestockofthepeninsulaincreasedfrom9,322bridgesin1970to22,937Fig.1NumberofbridgesbuiltbydecadesinKorea[1]bridgesin2007andthecorrespondingdevelopedlengthextendedfrom268kmto1,987km[2].
Itisoteworthythatevenifthedevelopedlengthofthebridgesmultipliedby5times,thebridgestockonlydoubled.ThismeansthatKoreanbridgeengineeringhasrealizedremarkableprogressinthedomainoflong-spanbridgessuchascable-supportedbridges.Inashortdelay,Koreawillhaveacable-stayedbridge,IncheonBridge(80+260+800+260+80m)thatwillrankatthefifthpositionamongthelongestcable-stayedbridgesintheworld,andasuspensionbridge,GwangyangBridge(mainspan:
1545m),thatwillbethethirdlongestbridgeintheworldatitscompletionin2012.
Thepreferencegiventocable-supportedbridgecanbeattributedtothetopographyoftheKoreanpeninsula.Seventypercentofthecountryiscomposedofmountainousareasandthecoastalregionsaresurroundedby3,174islands,whichrepresent3.80%oftheterritorywith0.65%ofthepopulation.Mostoftheseislandsbeinginhabited,theirconnectionwiththemainlandisofprimordialimportanceforthebalancedregionaldevelopmentandpreferenceisindeedgiventocable-supportedbridgesinordertosecurenavigationalchannels(Fig.2).
Theconstructionofbridgesisthusanecessitythatwillbringmultiplebenefits.Inasocialpointofview,about90%ofthe3,174islandsofKoreaaregatheredinthesouthernandwesterncoastalareasofthepeninsula,ofwhichmostarelocatedwithinadistanceof1kmfromthecontinent.However,theagingandemigrationoftheworkingpopulationtobigcitiesandthepooraccessibilityareacceleratingtheirdesertion.Inaneconomicalpointofview,itbecomesFig.2OverviewoftheislandsofKoreabyprovinceobviouslynecessarytoprepareforthefuturetourisminflowandeconomicrevitalizationofremoteareasthroughtheconstructionofseashoreroadbeltsconductedbythegovernmentalplan.Thescenesofferedbythesouthernandwesterncoastswillbeaveryprofitablesourceofrevenuefortheseregions.Theconstructionofbridgeswillalsoreducesignificantlythelargedeviationscausedbythesawtoothcoastline,andimprovetheaccessibilityandtransportabilityofgoodsfabricatedintheneighbouringindustrialcomplexes[2,3].
Thebridgestockwillgrowcontinuouslythroughtherestlesssea-crossingbridgeconstructionactivitiesinthesouthwesterncoast,especiallyintheProvinceofJeollanamdolocatedinthesouthwestofKoreaandboundedonthewestbytheYellowSeaandonthesouthbyJejuStrait.Almost2,000islandsofwhich75%areinhabitedarescatteredalongthe6,100kmofitscoastline.Theplanoftheprovincialgovernmentistoprovideatotalof103bridgestolink
Fig.3Sea-crossingbridgeconstructionactivitiesinJeollanamdoAmongthese,33bridgeshavealreadyProvincemajorislands.beencompleted,21areunderconstructionand48areunderproject(Fig.3).Atcompletionofthesebridgeprojects,thesouthwesterncoastofKoreawillbecomeamuseumofbridgeswithalltypesofstructuresfromsimplegirderbridgestoworld-rankingsuspensionbridges.Thefollowingintendstoreviewbrieflythe40yearsofthehistoryofbridgeinKoreawithfocusonsea-crossingbridgessoastohighlightmajorrecentbridgesthathavebeenorarebeingconstructedalloverthecountry.RecentnationalR&DprogramsoftheMinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs(MLTM)andin-houseprogramsdedicatedtotheadvancementofbridgeengineeringanddesignarealsointroduced.
2.EvolutionofModernBridgesinKorea
ConstructionhasbeenthebackboneoftheeconomicdevelopmentofKoreaand,bridgesinthetransportationnetworkplayedacriticalroleintherealizationofthe“MiracleontheHanRiver”,whichistheastonishingperiodofrapideconomicgrowththattookplacefrom1961to1997.TheMiracleontheHanRiverthatstartedfromSeoultopropagateoverthewholecountryenabledKoreatopropelasthe12thlargesteconomyintheworldaftertheravagesoftheKoreanWar(1951-1953).
Koreaachieveditstransformationfromagrarianeconomytoamodernindustrialpowerwithinthreedecades,whichotherindustrializedcountriestookalmostacenturytoachieve,owingtothesuccessionof5-yeardevelopmentplanssince1962(1962-1996).Theseplanswereestablishedbythegovernmentbyidentifyingspecificareasforoutward-orientednationaldevelopmentdrivenbytheassumptionthateconomicgrowthandcompetitivenesscannotcontinuewithoutbreakthroughsinscienceandtechnology.Accordingly,socialinfrastructuresincludingroads,railways,airports,harboursandbridgeswererestlesslybuilttosupporttheindustrializationprocessaswellasthestabilizationprocessfortheregionalbalancedeconomicdevelopment.ExcludingthebridgesbuiltbeforetheIndependenceandthecreationoftheRepublicofKorea,fourmajorperiodscanbedistinguishedintheevolutionofmodernbridgetechnologyinKorea,whichcorrespondroughlywiththeseriesof5-yeareconomicplansofthegovernment.
2.1FirstGenerationofSea-CrossingBridgesinKorea(1962-1990)
Thefirstgenerationofsea-crossingbridgesinKoreacorrespondstotheintroductionperiodofforeigntechnologyandgrewalongwiththeindustrializationboomofthecountryuntil1990.Atthetime,thegovernmentpouredhugeinvestmentsforsocialoverheadcapitals(SOC)andconstructionwasfundedessentiallythroughpublicloan.Varioustypesofbridgeswerebuiltinrecordsoftimebuttheneedforrapidconstructionandthelackofskilloftenresultedinpoorqualityofconstruction.ThecollapseofSungsuBridgeinSeoulin1994,only15yearsafteritsopeningtotrafficin1979,isasadfulexampleofunskillfullyerectedbridgesatthetime.Inaddition,thedesignofmostofthebridgesofthefirstgenerationwasrelyingonforeigntechnology.
Besides,thisperiodcorrespondsalsototheintroductionofcable-supportedbridgesinKoreawithNamhaeBridge,thefirstsuspensionbridgeinKorea.NamhaeBridgecompletedin1973after5yearsofconstructionisathree-spansuspensionbridgewithamainspanof660m(128+404+128m)andstiffeninggirderscomposedofweldedsteelboxes.Thereafter,severalcable-stayedbridgeswerebuiltlikethefirstJindoBridge(70+344+70m)andDolsanBridge(85+280+85m)in1984(Fig.4).
Fig.4ViewsofNamhaeBridge,JindoBridge(front:
1stJindoBridge,rear:
2ndJindoBridge)andDolsanBridge
Togetherwiththeincreaseofthebridgestock,Koreaexperiencedalsotremendousincreaseoftraffic.ThenumberofvehiclesregisteredinKoreatodayhasalreadyexceeded16millionunits.From1970toearly2000s,thetotalnumberofvehiclesmultipliedby120andthenumberoftrucksmutipliedby60.Toworsenthesituation,thedimensionsandweightoftrucksincreaseddramatically.However,evenifthebridgesdesignedatthetimewereapplyingtruckdesignloadDB-18(totalweightof34tonf)withconsiderationofthefutureincreaseoftrafficvolumeandvehicleloads,designcouldnotpredictsuchexceptionalincreaseofvehicle.Forexample,thetrafficloadofNamhaeBridgehasbeencontrolledandlimitedto32.4tsince2003after30yearsofoperationduetotheappearanceoffatiguecracksinthegirdergeneratedbytheincessantcrossingofheavytrucks[4].ThefirstJindoBridge,thefirstcable-stayedbridgeinKoreaandalsothelongestcable-stayspanoutsideEuropeatitscompletionin1984,wasalsodesignedwithrespecttodesignliveloadDB-18.SimilarlytoNamhaeBridge,thebridgewassubjectedtotruckloadsexceedingthedesignloadandthegovernmentalauthoritiesdecidedtoimprovetheloadcarryingcapacityoftheexistingbridgewhileerectingatwinbridge(Fig.4)designedforvehicleloadofDB-24andDL-24.
2.2SecondGenerationofSea-CrossingBridgesinKorea(1991-1999)
Thesecondgenerationofsea-crossingbridgeswasbuiltforthedevelopmentofisla
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