气候变化对茶产业的影响外文文献翻译Word下载.docx
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气候变化对茶产业的影响外文文献翻译Word下载.docx
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期刊名:
WaterAir&
SoilPollution,第92卷,第1期,页码:
87-94.
英文原文
VulnerabilityofSriLankateaproductiontoglobalclimatechangeWijeratneMA
Abstract:
TheteaindustryisSriLanka'
smainnetforeignexchangeearnerandsourceofincomeforthemajorityoflaborers.Teayieldisgreatlyinfluencedbyweather,andespeciallybydroughts,whichcauseirreparablelossesbecauseirrigationisseldomusedonteaplantations.Attheotherextreme,heavyrainserodetopsoilandwashawayfertilizersandotherchemicals.IntherecentlypublishedSriLankacountryreportonclimatechange,itwasreportedthattheislandwillexperienceextremerainfallintensitiesandwarmertemperaturesasaresultofclimatechange.Thepossibilityofa10%increaseinthelengthofdryandwetseasonsperyearinthemainplantationareawasalsoindicated.Thusbothdroughtdamagesandsoillossesinteaproductionareaswillincreaseintheyearstocome.Ananalysisoftheresultsoffieldexperimentswithweatherdatashowsthatincreasesintemperature,soilmoisturedeficit,andsaturationvaporpressuredeficitinthelowelevationswilladverselyaffectgrowthandyieldoftea.Reportshavealsoshownthatabout30cmofsoilhas
alreadybeenerodedfromuplandteaplantations.Underthesecircumstances,theteaindustryinSriLankaisclearlyvulnerabletopredictedclimatechanges,andsubsequentlygreatereconomic,social,andenvironmentalproblems.ThispaperdiscussesthevariousaspectsoftheadverseeffectsofclimatechangeonSriLanka'
steaindustry.
Keywords:
SriLanka,agriculture,tea
Introduction
Althoughtheexportoftextilesandapparelindustrieshasbroughtahighpercentageofforeignexchange,inSriLanka,agriculturalexportsarethehighestsourceofnetforeignexchangeearnings.Inagriculturalexports,teaaloneaccountsforabout15to25%ofthetotalforeignexchangeincome.ThusplayedadecisiveroleintheSriLankaneconomy.About30%oftheemployeesinthepublicsector(governmentandsemi-government)arefactorymanualworkers,andmostofthemworkinteaplantations.Moreover,about239,000smallteaproducersprovidealotofdomesticemploymentopportunities.Correspondingly,morethan700,000workersandtheirfamiliesdependontheteaindustry.ThesedatafullydemonstratetheimportanceoftheteaindustryinSriLanka'
ssocietyandeconomy.
Sincethe1930s,althoughsomesmallmanufacturershaveexpanded,inSriLanka,theoverallareaofteaplantingisshowingadownwardtrend,duetothelowproductivityduetotheinabilityoflandandbushes,and
thelandoccupationrateoftheteaindustrysector.Reducedsincethe1960s.Theteagrowingareasinthemiddleofthecountry(600to1200metershigh)havebecomemarginalandcropshavediversified.Poorclimateandpoormanagementpracticesarethemainreasonsforthis.Intheearly1960s,aftertheeliminationofshadows,theclimatechangeintheteagrowingareashadaffectedtheproductivityofteaplants.Inthe1970s,someofthesideeffectsofthenationalizationofteaproduction,suchastheneglectofagriculturalproductionpractices,ledtoadeclineinproductivityintheprivatesector.Fuch,1989.AsaSriLankanrain-fedcrop,theoptimalgrowthoftheteaindustrylargelydependsontheclimate.TherelationshipbetweenclimateandteaproductionhasbeendiscussedbymanyresearcherssuchasDevanathan,1975;
KandiahandThevadasan,1980;
CarrandStephens,1992.Thefindingsof//.ERATNEinhisreportonwater,airandsoilpollutionaredifferentfromthenationalreportsofSriLanka,1994.Thissituationcanbeattributedtodifferentmodelsusedinpredictingteayield.Theincreaseintemperaturecanincreasetheteayieldandisgenerallyaccepted.Andthisrelationshipisusedbymanymodels.However,recentresearchhasshownthat,athighertemperaturephysicalenvironments,temperaturesgreaterthan25to26degreesCelsiusincreaseteaproduction.SeveredroughtbroughtunavoidablelossestotheteaindustryandeventotheentireeconomyofSriLanka.Theconsequencesofthedroughtin1983and1992aregood
examplesofCentralBank,1983;
1992.Thedroughtin1992reducedtheproductivityoftheteaindustryby26%comparedto1991.Atthesametime,thishasalsoincreasedthecostofproductivityby19%,whichhasreducedtheforeignexchangerevenueofthecountrybynearly30billionrublesby70millionU.S.dollars.Theoverallproductivityin1991and1992was240.7kg,whichisthelowestproductivityrecordedsincethe1950s.Thesedatashowthatthereisalotofdamagecausedbythedeteriorationoftheclimate.
Alargeamountofrainfallhasalsobeenlostthroughthesoil.Thelackofsunlighthasledtolowproduction.Theincreaseintheincidenceofdiseaseshascausedtremendousdamagetoteaproduction.Duetolackofsoilcoverage,inthefirsttwoyears,someteafieldswithveryweaksoilsurface,repairedteafields,andsomenewteafieldsareeasilyaffectedbysoilerosion.InSriLanka,ithasbeenestimatedthattheskinofteagrowingareaslargerthan30cmhasbeenlost,especiallyinthehighlandsKrishnarajah,1985.Landslidesandlandslidesalsohaveanegativeimpactonplantingandcanalsoharmthelivesofworkersworkingonslopes.
Climatechangeandmethods
Accordingtotheclimatechangerecord,by2100,theconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheglobalatmosphereandtheriseintemperaturewillbeintherangeof600to700ppmand1.0to3.5degreesCelsius,
respectively.
Theinfluenceofenvironmentalfactorsonteayieldandgrowthcoefficientwasanalyzedinthisstudy,usingmainlyclimatefactorsandannualchangesintheyieldcoefficientoftea.Therelationshipbetweenclimatefactorsandtheyieldcoefficientofteaisanalyzedbylinearregression.
Conclusionsanddiscussions
Aspreviouslydescribed,teaproductionislargelyaffectedbyclimateduetothelackofirrigation.Teagrowswellinthetemperaturerangeof18to25degrees.Carl,1972;
Watson,1986.Agooddistributionofrainwater,about1300to1400mmperyear,issufficientforthegrowthofteainSriLanka.Ithasbeenreportedthatannualrainfallofaround2500to3000mmcanleadtooptimalteaplanting(Fuch,1989;
Watson,1986).InSriLanka,therearelargedifferencesintemperatureandrainfallindifferentregions.
Althoughtherelationshipbetweentemperatureandteayieldsshowsthattheincreaseinrainfallandtemperaturewillleadtoanincreaseinteaproduction,recentstudieshavefoundthatthehighertemperaturephysicalenvironmentisgreaterthan25to26degreesCelsius,theyieldcomponentoftea(shoots)Thedensity,weightanddilutionratewilltendtodecreaseasthetemperatureincreases.
Inthelow-growthareaoftea,600metersabovesealevel,the
averageairtemperatureisgenerallyhigherthan25degreesCelsius,andthedevastationoflargedroughtsisevengreater.Thenegativeimpactofclimatechangeintheseregionswillbegreaterthanexpected.However,mostoftheteaintheseareaswillenterthemarket(Figure4).Moreover,inthelowlandsofruralareas,mostsmallfactoriesareconcentrated.
Theimpactofdroughtonteacultivationiswellknown.Thechangeintemperature,thelossofsoilmoisture,andthelossofwatervaporpressurecausedalargeamountofwaterloss,resultingingrowthdelays.Lowlandexperimentalresultsshowthat,attemperaturesgreaterthan26degreesCelsius,wheresoilmoisturelossisgreaterthan30to50millimeters,andsaturatedwatervaporpressurelossisgreaterthan1.2kPA,vegetativelypropagatedteayieldsarenegativelyaffected.Giventheseconclusions,itcanbeinferredthattheexpectedclimatechangeinSriLanka,suchasrisingtemperaturesandadrierclimate,willnotbeconducivetotheproductionoftea.
Inashorttime,extremerainfalleventscanalsocauseincalculabledamageduetosoilerosion.Thedestructionoffertilesoil,thedeclineofrainwaterstoragecapacity,theexposureofhardsoillayers,theexposureofroots,andthereductionofmicrobialactivityareallnegativeconsequencesofsoilerosion,andarenotconducivetothegrowthandyieldoftea.Withthelossofsoilepidermis,thecultivatablesoilwillbecomebaldorunproductiveland,andtheselandscannotbeusedfortea
replantingorforotheragriculturalpurposes.Moreover,therestorationoftheselandstakesaverylongtimeandmostlikelyitisuneconomical.Inaddition,duetothelackofsunlightandtheincreasedincidenceofdiseases,forexample,teatreesalsoreducegrowthduetoheavyrainfall.Obviously,inSriLanka,theexpectedclimatechange,suchasthecyclicalwarmseason,droughtandunstablerainfall,willundoubtedlyaffecttheteaindustry.Tealeavesneeduniformrainfalldistributiontoensurecontinuousproductivity.Althoughincreasesinatmosphericcarbondioxidelevelsenhancephotosynthesis,thisbeneficialeffectcannotbeusedtocompensatefortheexpectedadverseeffectsdueto,forexample,hightemperaturesandpoorsoilconditions.
Today,morethan50%ofSriLanka'
steafieldsarepoorlyplantedwithsoilcover.Althoughtheseseedsgraduallyadapttoenvironmentalpressures,theirabilitytowithstanddryweatherisdeterioratingduetopoorsoilqualityandunskilledmanagement.Mostoftheselandsareplantedalongslopes(butnotoncontours)andarethereforeeasilyaffectedbysoilerosion.
Recentstudieshaveshownthatevenifitissowingteamountains,duetopoorshadingconditionsandpoorsoilqualitywillnotbeabletoavoidtheeffectsofdrought.Therefore,thesowingofteamountainswillalsobeinestimableduetoclimatechange.Shadingis
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