CATTI三级笔译实务试题回忆整理版Word文件下载.docx
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CATTI三级笔译实务试题回忆整理版Word文件下载.docx
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Obesityrateshaveplateauedinhighincomecountriesbutareacceleratingelsewhere.ThecombinedfindingsofUNICEF,theWorldHealthOrganisationandtheWorldBankshowedthatin2016Asiawashometohalftheworld’soverweightchildren.OnequarterwereinAfrica.
Residentsofdevelopingnationcitiesareincreasinglysusceptibletoobesity,particularlyamidthemegatrendsofurbanisation,globalisation,andindustrialisationoffoodsupply.AccordingtoIndia’sNationalInstituteofNutrition,overaquarterofurban-dwellingmenandnearlyhalfofwomenareoverweight.
Themajorityoftheworld’sfutureurbanisationisprojectedtooccurindevelopingcountries,particularlyinAsiaandAfrica.Asruraldwellersmovetourbanareas,easyaccesstocheapandconvenientprocessedfoodsluresthemintounhealthydiets.
Thiscrisiswilltestthepoliticalresolveofgovernmentsthathavehistoricallyfocusedonendinghunger.Thesegovernmentsmustunderstandthatthefactorsmakingcitiesconvenientandproductivealsomaketheirresidentspronetoobesity.Intelligent,focusedpoliciesareneededtoeffectivelymanagethisemergingcrisis.
Urbanlifestyles
Urbanitesenjoyavarietyofculinaryoptions,rangingfromaislesofprocessedgoodsinsupermarketstoscoresofshort-orderstreetvendors.Additionally,internationalfastfoodchainsareflourishingindevelopingcountries.Thisisshiftingdietaryhabitsawayfromhealthiertraditionalfareandtowardsfriedfoodsandsugarydrinks.
Thehealthrisksofsuchdietsarecompoundedbythesedentarylifestylesofurbandwellers.ThemostrecentIndiannutritionsurveyfoundthatcity-dwellingmenandwomenworkanaverageofroughlyeighthoursaday.Mostareengagedinsedentaryofficejobs.Onlyaboutonequarterexercise.
People’sleisuretimeisalsobeingmonopolisedbypassivediversionsliketelevision,movies,andvideogamesinthegrowingnumberofhouseholdsabletoaffordsuchtechnologies.
Thealarmingimplicationofthesetrendsisthatdevelopingcountriesmaybecomesickbeforetheygetrich.Thatsicknessmay,inturn,cripplehealthsystems.
TheyearlyhealthcarecostsinSoutheastAsiaofobesity-relatedcomplicationslikediabetesandcardiovasculardiseasearealreadyashighasUS$10billion.ObesityamongChina’syoungergenerationcouldcostUS$724billioninmedicaltreatmentby2030.Suchdiseasesareanaddedburdenoncountriesalreadystrugglingtomanageprimaryhealthcareneeds.
Policiesrelatedtotaxation,urbandesign,educationandawarenessandthepromotionoflocalisedfoodsystemsmayhelpcontrolobesityatalowercostthaneventualmedicaltreatmentforanageingandincreasinglyoverweightpopulation.
Directinterventions
Somegovernmentshavealreadyexperimentedwithdirectinterventionstocontrolobesity,suchastaxationonunhealthyfoodsanddrinks.TheUSpioneeredthesodataxmovement.Thailand,Brunei,andSingaporehaveadoptedsimilarmeasures.SouthAfricaislikelytointroduceasugartaxbeginninginApril2018.
Regulatoryapproacheshavenotstoppedattaxation–oratsugar.IntheUnitedKingdom,advertisingrulesprohibitthemarketingoffoodshighinfat,saltandsugartochildrenyoungerthan16.
ThecityofBerkeleyinCaliforniarecognisesthattaxesalonearenotenoughtoaddressobesity.Proceedsfromthecity’ssugartaxareusedtosupportchildnutritionandcommunityhealthprogrammes.Thisunderscorestheimportanceofeducationandawareness.
Thereisalsopromiseinbroader-reachinginitiatives.Urbandesignholdssignificantpowertoreshapelifestylepatternsandpublichealth.Improvingtheattractivenessofpublicspace,the“walkability”ofneighbourhoodsandthequalityofcyclinginfrastructurecandrawresidentsoutoftheircarsandlivingrooms.
ArecentstudyofurbanneighbourhoodsinShanghaiandHangzhoufoundthatmiddle-incomeresidentslivinginlesswalkableneighbourhoodshadsignificantlyhigherBodyMassIndicesthanbothricherandpoorerresidentswholivedinwalkableneighbourhoodsinurbanChina.
Finally,healthierlifestylesbeginingrocerystoreaisles.Governmentsshouldencouragetighterconnectionsbetweenagriculturalproductionsystems,urbangrocersandfoodvendors.Relationshipswithfarmersinareasimmediatelyadjacenttocities,inadditiontothepromotionofurbangardens,havebeenpopularapproachesintheUS.
Suchinitiativescanalsohelpurbanresidentsbetterunderstandthemechanicsoffoodsourcing.Thisraisesawarenessabouttherelationshipbetweennaturalfoodsandhealthylifestyles.Eventhepreservationofculturearoundtraditionalfoodscanpromotehealthyalternatives.
Combiningcontrolsonunhealthyfoodswithpoliciesthatincentivisehealthyeatingandactivelifestylesconstituteapromisingresponsetorisingobesityrates.Addressingpublichealthisapolicymandatefordevelopingcountriesfrombothaneconomicandsocialpointofview.ToparaphrasetherecentGlobalNutritionReport,addressingobesityisaglobalimperativeforreleasingthebrakesondevelopment.
Theworldisn'
tgettingsmaller,it'
sgettingfatter,accordingtoacomprehensivereportpublishedThursdayinTheLancet.
Whetheryou'
relookingatmenorwomen,childrenoradults,citizensofrichcountriesorpoorones,peopleweremuchmorelikelytobeoverweightorobesein2013thantheywerein1980,thestudyfound.
In1980–theyearPac-ManwasunleashedontheworldandJohnLennonwasassassinated–therewere857millionpeopleontheplanetwhowereeitheroverweightorobese.Thirty-threeyearslater,thecomparablefigurewas2.1billion.It’snotjustthattheglobalpopulationgrew(andthusthenumberofpeoplewithtoomanypoundsontheirframes).Theproportionofmenwhowereoverweightorobeserosefrom28.8%in1980to36.9%in2013,whiletheproportionofwomeninthatcategoryincreasedfrom29.8%to38%duringthesameperiod,thereportsaid.
Indevelopedcountries,16.9%ofboysand16.2%ofgirlswereoverweightorobesein1980.By2013,thosefigureswere23.8%and22.6%respectively.Evenindevelopingcountries,theprevalenceofoverweightandobesityamongboysrosefrom8.1%to12.9%andtheprevalenceamonggirlsgrewfrom8.4%to13.4%,theresearchersfound.
Allovertheworld,thepassageoftimewasmarkedbybiggerwaistlines.'
Successivecohortsseemedtobegainingweightatallages,includingchildhoodandadolescence,'
theresearchersfound.Themostrapidperiodofweightgaincamebetweentheagesof20and40.
Afewextrapoundsmayseemharmless,buttheircumulativeeffectisserious,publichealthexpertssay.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionwarnsthatbeingoverweightorobesewillincreaseyourriskofsuchlife-threateningconditionsascoronaryheartdisease,Type2diabetes,strokeandcertaintypesofcancer,amongotherproblems.A2010studyinTheLancetestimatedthatoverweightandobesitycaused3.4milliondeathsworldwide.
Forthenewstudy,dozensofresearchersfromaroundtheworldworkedtogethertocompileaccuratestatisticsfor183countries.Theyfocusedonratesofoverweight(definedasabodymassindexof25orgreater)andobesity(definedasBMIofatleast30)intheyearsbetween1980and2013.(ThemassiveeffortwasfundedbytheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,whichdidnotinfluencethestudydesignoritsfindings.)
Tongahadthedubiousdistinctionofhavingamajorityoftheadultpopulationconsideredobese.Inaddition,sixothercountrieshadobesityratesabove50%forwomen:
Kuwait,Kiribati,theFederatedStatesofMicronesia,Libya,QatarandSamoa.
TheUnitedStatesearnedspecialmentionforits'
highprevalenceofobesity'
–31.6%ofmenand33.9%ofwomen.Theresearchersnotedthat13%oftheworld'
s671millionobeseindividualsliveintheU.S.–morethananyothercountry.
Indeed,morethanhalfoftheworld'
sobesepeoplelivedinjust10countriesin2013:
TheU.S.,China,India,Russia,Brazil,Mexico,Egypt,Germany,PakistanandIndonesia.ChinaandIndiaactuallyhad'
low'
ratesofobesity–only3.8%ofChinesemenand5%ofChinesewomenwereobesein2013,alongwithonly3.7%ofIndianmenand4.2%ofIndianwomen.ButbothcountriesaresopopulousthattheystillcameinatNo.2andNo.3ontheworldwidelist.
Perhapsthiswasthemostdepressingfindingintheentire16-pagereport:
'
Nocountrieshadsignificantdecreasesinobesityinthepast33years.'
Inacommentarythataccompaniesthestudy,epidemiologistKlimMcPhersonwonderedwhatitwouldtakefortheworldtogetseriousaboutreininginweightgainandreturningBMIstolevelstowheretheywere30yearsago.
'
Publichealtheffortsareleadingtoprogressintobaccocontrolandcardioprotectivedietsinaslowanddeliberateway.Asaresult,deathscausedbysmoking-relateddiseasesandcardiovasculardiseasesaredecreasing,'
wroteMcPherson,avisitingprofessorattheUniversityofOxford.'
Canasimilarsuccesswithweighteverhappen?
'
Probablynotanytimesoon,heconceded.Forpolicymakers,tacklingobesityisliketacklingclimatechange:
Expertshaveagoodideaofwhatneedstobedone,butthereissimplynopoliticalwilltomakesuchradicalchanges.
“Whereisthe
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