格式要求4外文文献翻译封面及内容要求Word文档下载推荐.docx
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格式要求4外文文献翻译封面及内容要求Word文档下载推荐.docx
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08国际商务
姓名:
石华聪
学号:
0801022145
附件:
TheDevelopmentofTransportationand
LogisticsinAsia:
AnOverview
指导老师评语:
指导教师签名:
年月日
TheDevelopmentofTransportationandLogisticsinAsia:
Abstract
Asia'
stradehassoaredoverthepasttwodecades.AnintegratedandglobaldirectdistributionbusinessmodelhasalreadybeendevelopedtoshipproductsdirectlyfromAsiatoWesternandothermarketsalongtheglobalsupplychain.Inspiteoftheirrichresources,Asiancountrieshavenotbeenabletoutilizetheirvastpotentialduetothelackofregionalconnectivityandtotheexistenceof"
chokepoints"
inAsiansupplychains.AnAsia-widetransportandlogisticsnetworkisessentialforAsiancountriestogettheirgoodstomarketsmoreeffectively,butitsoverallprogresshassofarbeenlimited.Aninnovativeapproachisneededtoaddressthephysicalinfrastructureaswellasthenonphysical,softinfrastructureissues.ThisarticleconcludeswithsolutionsidentifiedbyAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC).Thefocusofthisarticleisonselectedareaswithin.
Overview
Withthefastpaceofglobalizationsincethe1980s,particularlytheoutsourcingofmanufacturingandservicesfromdevelopedWesterncountriestolow-costAsiandevelopingcountries,Asianeconomieshavebeengrowingrapidlyandhavebecometheworldfactoryoffinishedgoods.Asia'
stradehassoaredoverthepasttwodecades,withthePeople'
sRepublicofChina(PRC)inparticularrecordingexplosivegrowth.ThePRC'
sexportsgrewatanaverageofmorethan18percentperyearbetween1990and2007,whiletheothereightemergingeconomiesamongAsia'
stop-10exportersrecordedexportgrowthofmorethan10percentayear(BrooksandStone2010).Abusinessmodelthatisintegratedandglobal,usesdirectdistribution,andemphasizesshippinghigh-valueproductsfromAsianfactoriesdirectlytoworldwidemarketshasbeendevelopedbymultinationalfirms.Thisintegratedmodelreplacesthetraditionalmultiechelon,pushbasedintemationaldistributionmodel;
italsohelpstoreduceredundantinventoriesalongtheglobalsupplychainandspeedsuptimetomarket(Su2007).Duetoallthesechanges,Asianowaccountsforaboutone-fourthofworldtradeandworldgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),respectively(WorldBank2006).
Withabout4.1billionpeoplein2009(PRB2009),Asiaisthemost
populousregionintheworld,accountingfor60percentofpopulation
andrepresentingenormousmarketopportunitiesformultinationalfirms.Therearearound20cross-regionalfreetradeagreements(FTAs)atdifferentstagesofimplementationthere.TheconsolidationofFTAsimproveseconomicwelfarecomparedtothecurrentbilateralism.AbroadPan-Asianagreement(coveringgoods,services,andtradecosts)involvingEastAsianandSouthAsianeconomiesisestimatedtooffersignificantimprovementtothegeneralwelfarethroughgainstoglobalincomeofaround$261billion(Franç
ois,Rana,andWignaraja2009).AllEastandAsianandSouthAsianmembersofsuchanagreementwouldbenefitfromclosersubregionalcooperation.Fortrade-relatedinfrastructvire,thedominantmodeforfreighttransportbetweenEastAsiaandSouthAsiaremainsoceantransport.Thissituationisexpectedtocontinueintheforeseeablefuture.Theeffectivenessofoceantransportandothertrade-relatedinfrastructuretorespondtogrowingEastAsia-SouthAsiatradedependsonregionalabilitytomaintainhigh-qualityandefficientlogisticsservicesatacompetitivecost.Theneedforseatransporthasbeenamplified,especiallyfortime-sensitivegoods,duetoimprovementsintechnologyforcontainerizationandairfreight.AircargovolumehasgrownrapidlyandaircargoinvolvingAsiancountries,particularlywithinAsia,hasmuchhighergrowththanintheworldasawhole.EffectivelogisticsserviceandintermodalshippinghaveenabledAsiatotradewithmoremarkets,morequickly,andoftenatlowercost(BrooksandHummels2009).However,inspiteoftheirrichopportunities,Asiancountrieshaveyettoovercomechallengesassociatedwithfulfillingtheirpotential.TheavailabilityofinfrastructiureandofothertradefacilitationserviceshasfallenbehindthepaceofAsia'
seconomicgrowth.TheunderdevelopmentoftransportandlogisticsinfrastructureandlackoflogisticsinfrastructureconnectivityamongAsiancountrieshavebeenmajorbarrierstofurthertradeandeconomicdevelopmentthere(Armstrong,Drysdale,andKalirajan2008;
BhattacharyayandDe2009;
BrooksandStone2010).
TheEmergingFeaturesofTradeinAsia
TradevolumewithinAsiahasbeenrisingrapidlysincetheearly1980s.In2006Asiacontributedone-fourthofworldtradeingoods,secondinproductionafterEurope(seetable1).Asshownintable2,about50percentofAsia'
sexportedgoodsaremovedwithintheregion,whichwaslowerthanpercentageofintraregiontradeinEuropeandNorthAmerica,mostlikelyduetolackofwell-establishedFTAsinAsia.Inparalleltogrovñ
ngintraregionaltrade,Asia'
sinterregionaltradehasalsogrownovertime.NorthAmerica(21.6percent)andEurope(18.4percent)havebecomethetwolargestnon-AsiandestinationsofAsia'
sexports(seetable2).ThegrowthoftradeonthepartofthePRCtradeisparticularlynotable.Withaworldshareofabout9percentin2009(Batson2010),thePRCisdrivingAsia'
sexportsintraregionallyandinterregionally.India'
sriseinthelate1990shasfurtherfueledAsia'
strade.
ServingthegrowinginternationaldemandforgoodsandservicesafterWorldWarII,Asianeconomieshavetransformedfromindustrialproductionthatislaborintensivetoproductionthatiscapitalintensiveandtechnologydriven.Thechangeshavebeenreflectedintheproductsharesofexports.Forexample,integratedcircuitsaccountforthehighestshare(78.33percent)inintra-Asiamanufacturingexports,whereasthepersonalandhouseholdgoodsaccountforthelowestshare(20.42percent).
Intra-Asiaexportsofagriculturalandminingproductsareevenlowercomparedtotheirexportstotheworld(BhattacharyayandDe2009).ThenatureofAsia'
stradeischangingandbecomingmoreefficientduetoitsrecentrapidgrowth.Higher-value,oftenlightergoodsandtradeserviceshavegraduallyreplacedbulkycommodities,resultingindecliningweight-to-valueratios.Inparticular,theinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)revolutionhasgeneratedincreasedtradeinICTproductsandoutsourcedservices,andtheapplicationofinformationtechnologyinmanypublicandprivatesupplychaincollaborations,aswellasgreatermigrationofhighlyskilledprofessionalswithinandacrosstheregions(Hummels2009).Thischangehashadamajorimpactonthedistanceanddestinationoftradeflows,thelocationsandfragmentationofproductionprocesses,thechoiceoftransportmode,logisticsfacilitiesdecisions,theharmonizationandstandardizationofcustomsclassificationsandinspections,andthedemandforsupportinginfrastruct\ire.Pan-Asianconnectivityandotherfacilitationeffortswould,therefore,playimportantrolesinsustainingAsia'
stradegrowth.Theconnecti\dtyforgoodsflowingwithinAsiaorbetweenAsiaandotherregionsmustbegraduallyenhancedtoensurereliable,better,andfastermovementofcargo.
AsiaTransportandLogisticsDevelopment
Recentstudieshaveshownthatglobalizationhasresultedinincreasedinternationalexchangesofproductsandservices,andtheidentificationandestablishmentofAsia-widecross-bordertransportationnetworkconnectivityshouldnowbeamajorgoal(seeBrooks2008a,2008b;
Hummels2009).AnothersetofstudiesinAsiashowthatcountrieswithgeographicalproximitycouldbenefitsubstantiallyfrommoretrade,providedinfrastructureandtradecostsareimproved(seeBrooks2008b;
De2008a,2008b;
BrooksandHummels2009).ThesestudiesaUcallforeffectiveandintegratedtransportandlogisticsnetworksforenhancingmovementofgoodsandservices;
Asiahasbeennotoriousforfragmentedproductionandeconomicnetworksacrossborders.TheongoingglobalfinancialproblemsmakeitevenmorecriticalforAsiancountriestointegratetransportandlogisticsnetworkstofacilitatethegrowthofregionaldemands.
Asianowfacesanewworldeconomythatisverydifferentfromtheonethatprevailedbeforethe1990s.Intoda/sworld,fallingcommunicationandtransportcosts—coupledwithtechnologicaldevelopment—havereshapedthecomparativeadvantagesofeconomies(Krugman1991,1993).However,thecurrentleadingpositionofAsiantrademaybereplacedifatruePan-Asianconnectivityofitslogisticsinfrastructuresisstillmissing.WhatAsianeedsnowistoreestablishamodern"
SilkRoad."
TheancienttraderoutethatstretchedfromAsiatoEuropewas,untuthe13thcentury,amongtheworld'
smostimportantcross-borderarteries.AstradeisonceagaingrowingbetweenAsiaandtherestoftheworld,amodernSilkRoadmustbebuiltforsustainableeconomicdevelopmentinAsia(BhattacharyayandDe2009).EffortstodevelopanAsia-widetransportnetworkhavebeenattemptedsincethe1960s.However,littleprogresswasachieveduntilthe1980s(UNESCAP2006).Duringthe1980sandearly1990s,significantpoliticalandeconomicchangesinthisregionultimatelyfacilitatedthetradeandmobilityoffactorsofproductioninAsia.Subsequently,duringthe1990s,anincreaseinthedemandforphysicalconnectivitytosupportanexport-orientedgrowthstrategyandtosupportafragmentedproductionnetworkcontributedtosuccessfulimplementationofsometransportcorridorsintheGreaterMekongSubregionandelsewhereinAsia.Thisinfrastructuredevelopme
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