语言学名词解释Word下载.docx
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语言学名词解释Word下载.docx
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arethusverifiable.(06F)
8.performatives:
Performativesaresentencesthatdon’tstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.
9.locutionaryact:
Theactofconveyingliteralmeaningbyvirtueofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.
10.illocutionaryact:
Theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionand
performedinsayingsomething.(06F)
11.perlocutionaryact:
Theactresultingfromsayingsomethingandtheconsequenceorthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.
Chapter7:
LanguageChange
1.historicallinguistics:
Asubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagechange.
2.coinage:
Anewwordcanbecoinedtofitsomepurpose.(03)
3.blending:
Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.
5.borrowing:
Whendifferentculturecomeintocontact,wordsareoftenborrowedfromonelanguagetoanother.Itisalsocalledloadwords.
6.backformation:
Newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixmistakenlythoughttobepartoftheoldword.Suchwordsarecalledback-formation.
7.functionalshift:
Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes.
8.acronyms:
Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.
Chapter8:
LanguageAndSociety
2.speechcommunity:
Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandshareatleastonespeechvarietyaswellassimilarlinguisticnorms.(05)
3.speechvarieties:
Itreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.
4.regionaldialect:
Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.
5.sociolect:
Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeople,whobelongtoaparticularsocialclass.
6.registers:
Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.
7.idiolect:
Aperson’sdialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselements,regardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.(04)
10.fieldofdiscourse:
thepurposeandsubjectmatterofthecommunicativebehavior..
11.tenorofdiscourse:
Itreferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:
whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.
12.modeofdiscourse:
Itreferstothemeansofcommunicationanditisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout.
13.standarddialect:
Asuperposedvarietyoflanguageofacommunityornation,usuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage.
14.formality:
Itreferstothedegreeofformalityindifferentoccasionsandreflectstherelationshipandconversations.AccordingtoMartinJoos,therearefivestagesofformality,namely,intimate,casual,consultative,formalandfrozen.
15.Pidgin:
Ablendingofseverallanguage,developingasacontactlanguageofpeople,whospeakdifferentlanguages,trytocommunicationwithoneanotheronaregularbasis.
16.Creole:
Apidginlanguagewhichhasbecomethenativelanguageofagroupofspeakersusedinthisdailylife.
17.bilingualism:
Theuseoftwodifferentlanguagessidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.(07C)
18.diaglossia:
Asociolinguisticsituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity,eachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.
Chapter9:
LanguageAndCulture
1.culture:
Thetotalwayoflifeofaperson,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofhumancommunity.
5.linguisticrelativity:
Abeliefthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage 又-叫
Sapir-WhorfHypothesis.(06C)
7.denotativemeaning:
Itreferstotheliteralmeaning,whichcanbefoundinadictionary.
8.connotativemeaning:
Theassociationofaword,apartfromitsprimarymeaning.
9.iconicmeaning:
Theimageofawordinvokedtopeople.
Chapter10:
LanguageAcquisition
1.languageacquisition:
Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.
2.languageacquisitiondevice(LAD):
Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynormalhumanchildisbelievedtobebornwith,whichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.(03)
4.motherese:
Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadults,whichischaracterizedwithslowrateofspeed,highpitch,richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructuresetc. 又叫childdirectedspeech,caretaker
talk.(05)
6.under-extension:
Useawordwithlessthanitsusualrangeofdenotation.
7.over-extension:
Extensionofthemeaningofawordbeyonditsusualdomainofapplicationbyyoungchildren.
Chapter11:
SecondLanguageAcquisition
1.secondlanguageacquisition:
Itreferstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.
2.targetlanguage:
Thelanguagetobeacquiredbythesecondlanguagelearner.
3.secondlanguage:
Asecondlanguageisalanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountrybutwhichiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandwhichisusuallyusedalongsideanotherlanguageorlanguages.
4.foreignlanguage:
Aforeignlanguageisalanguagewhichistaughtasaschoolsubjectbutwhichisnotusedasamediumofinstructioninschoolsnorasalanguageofcommunicationwithinacountry.
5.interlanguage:
Atypeoflanguageproducedbysecondandforeignlanguagelearners,whoareintheprocessoflearningalanguage,andthistypeoflanguageusuallycontainswrongexpressions.
6.fossilization:
Insecondorforeignlanguagelearning,thereisaprocesswhichsometimesoccursinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.
12.interlingualerror:
errors,whichmainlyresultfromcross-linguisticinterferenceatdifferentlevelssuchasphonological,lexical,grammaticaletc.
13.intralingualerror:
Errors,whichmainlyresultfromfaultyorpartiallearningofthetargetlanguage,independentofthenativelanguage.Thetypicalexamplesareovergeneralizationandcross-association.
14.overgeneralization:
Theuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations,inwhichtheyareunacceptable.
15.cross-association:
somewordsaresimilarinmeaningaswellasspellingandpronunciation.Thisinternalinterferenceiscalledcross-association.
16.error:
theproductionofincorrectformsinspeechorwritingbyanonnativespeakerofasecondlanguage,duetohisincompleteknowledgeoftherulesofthattargetlanguage.
17.mistake:
mistakes,definedaseitherintentionallyorunintentionallydeviantformsandself-corrigible,suggestfailureinperformance.
21.acquisition:
Acquisitionisaprocesssimilartothewaychildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage.Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.Learnersarehardlyawareoftheirlearningbuttheyareusinglanguagetocommunicate.Itisalsocalledimplicitlearning,informallearningornaturallearning.
24.languageaptitude:
thenaturalabilitytolearnalanguage,notincludingintelligence,motivation,interest,etc.
25.motivation:
motivationisdefinedasthelearner’sattitudesandaffectivestateorlearningdrive.
26.instrumentalmotivation:
themotivationthatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguageforinstrumentalgoalssuchaspassingexams,orfurtheringacareeretc.(06C)
27.integrativemotivation:
thedrivethatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguagebecauseofthewishtoidentifywiththetargetculture.(06C/05)
28.resultativemotivation:
thedrivethatlearnerslearnasecondlanguageforexternalpurposes.(06F)
29.intrinsicmotivation:
thedrivethatlearnerslearnthesecondlanguageforenjoymentorpleasurefromlearning.
30.learningstrategies:
learningstrategiesarelearners’consciousgoal-orientedandproblem-solvingbasedeffortstoachievelearningefficiency.
31.cognitivestrategies:
strategiesinvolvedinanalyzing,synthesis,andinternalizingwhathasbeenlearned.(07C/06F)
32.metacognitivestrategies:
thetechniquesinplanning,monitoringandevaluatingone’slearning.
33.affect/socialstrategies:
thestrategiesdealingwiththewayslearnersinteractorcommunicatewithotherspeakers,nativeornon-native.
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