英美合同侵权法.docx
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英美合同侵权法.docx
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英美合同侵权法
英美合同侵权法
Casediscussion
1.Mr.XisregularcustomerofMr.Y,theownerofabookstore.Onemorning,Mr.XwentintoMr.Y’sbookstore,lookedatsomebooks,andpickedupabook.BecauseMr.Xforgotbringingmoneywithhim,hepromisedMr.Ythathewouldpayforthebookthenextday.Mr.Yagreed.Isthereacontract?
Ifso,classifyitwithinthetypesinthischapter.
(Expresscontract;unilateralcontract;validcontract;executorcontract)
2.Mr.Xcalledaneighborandofferedtosellherhiscomputernextweekfor200dollars.Ifhisneighborwishedtoaccept,shecouldcallbacktohim.Thenextmorning,shecalledbackandsaidshewaswillingtobuythecomputer.Isthecontractformedbilateralorunilateral?
Why?
Bilateralcontract,becauseeachofthecontractingpartiesmakesapromise.
3.WhileMr.XwasgardeninginMr.Y’syard,Mr.Ywasreadingabookathome.ThenMr.YstoodbythewindowandwatchedMr.Xdotheworkonceinawhile.WhenMr.Xhadfinishedthework.Mr.XaskedMr.Ytopayforhiswork.Doyouthinkthereisanimpliedoraquasicontractbetweenthem?
Why?
Impliedcontract课本7Silenceisnotaneffectiveacceptanceunlessanoffereetakesthebenefitoftheofferedservices.
1.Ifyouoffertosellafriendacomputerworth1000dollarsfor100dollars,yourfriendacceptstheoffer.Isthereabindingagreementbetweenyou?
Yes.课本53
2.SupposeMr.XorallyofferedtosellMr.Yausedcarfor5000dollars.TwodayslaterMr.XnotifiedMr.Ythatthecarwasnolongerforsale.Inthatcase,couldMr.Xendtheoffer?
Yes.Oralcontract课本100页
3.AssumeMr.XsentalettertoMr.Yofferingtosellabicyclefor50dollars.Mr.YsentareturnlettertoMr.Xrejectingtheoffer.AweeklaterMr.Ydecidedtoaccepttheoffer.CouldMr.Yacceptthebicycle?
No,theofferisterminatedbecauseofrejectingbytheoffereeMr.Y.itisanewoffer,Mr.Yisofferor;Mr.Xisofferee.SoAcceptanceMustBeAcceptedOnlybytheOffereeMr.X.
4.Supposeamanhelpedyoupullyourcaroutofditch.Afterthat,youpromisedtogivehim30dollarsforthehelp,andthemanagreed.Wouldthepromisebebinding?
No.Preexistingobligations.Apromisetodosomethingthatoneisalreadyobligated….notconstituteconsideration.课本66页
Casediscussion:
1.Supposeyouwereinducedtobuyasecond-handcar.Beforeyouboughtthecarthedealerstatedthattheenginehadrecentlybeenrebuilt.Actuallyithadnot.Afteryouboughtthecar,youhadenginetroublesandthecarstoppedrunning.Ifyouwantedtobreakthecontract,whatdefensecanyouhave?
Misrepresentation.Itisthecreationofanimpressioninthemindofanotherpersonwhichisnotinaccordwiththeactualactsofthesituation.当事人在订立合同的过程中对另一方所作出的与事实不符的陈述。
●
(1)要约的概念、构成要件(definitionofofferelementsofoffer)
Anoffertocontractisamanifestationofintentiontobepresentlyboundbyaseriesofdefiniteandspecificterm,whichiscommunicatedtotheoffereeandcreatespowerintheoffereetoaccept.
1.SeriousIntention意图严肃
Toareasonableperson,theofferordidinfactintendtomakeanofferandtobepresentlyboundbyit.
在通情达理的人看来,要约人必须严肃认真地向受要约人发
Anofferterminateswheneitherpartydiesorbecomesinsanebeforeacceptance.
5.Destructionoftheproposedsubjectmatter合同标的物灭失
●(3)承诺的概念、构成要件
definition:
theofferee’smanifestationofintentiontobepresentlyboundbythetermscontainedintheoffer.
承诺是受要约人做出的立即受要约约束的意思表示。
1.AcceptanceMustBeAcceptedOnlybytheOfferee承诺只能由受要约人做出。
2.AcceptanceMustAgreewithOffer
承诺必须与要约一致
3.AcceptanceMustBeCommunicatedtotheOfferor承诺必须传达给要约人
●(4)抗辩事由(defenses)
1.Misrepresentation不正当说明
vdefinition:
Itisthecreationofanimpressioninthemindofanotherpersonwhichisnotinaccordwiththeactualactsofthesituation.当事人在订立合同的过程中对另一方所作出的与事实不符的陈述。
2.Mistake错误
vdefinition:
Mistatkeisabeliefthatisnotaccordwiththefacts.
当事人对构成交易的基础事实在认识上发生的错误。
3、Duress胁迫
vdefinition:
Itmeanstheuseofthreatstobodilyorotherharmwhichareusedtoovercomeaperson’sfreewillandinducethepersontoenteracontractthroughfearorforce.
4.UndueInfluence不正当影响
vdefinition:
itistheuseofaconfidentialrelationship,in
whichonepersonowesanotheradutyto
lookoutforthelatterperson’sinterests,
andwheretheduty-boundpersonusesthis
positionforpersonalbenefitattheexpense
ofthepersontowhomthedutyisowed.
5.CapacityofParties缔约能力
vdefinition:
Capacityistheabilitytoperformlegallyvalidacts.
6.Illegality违法性
vAcontractisillegalifitviolateslaworiscontrarytothepublicpolicyorinterest.
合同违法或违反公共政策或利益。
v7.StatuteofFrauds反欺诈法
vItrequiresthatcertaintypesofcontractsmustbeinwritingsignedbythepartytobeboundandarenotenforceableunlesstheyareevidencedbysuchawriting.
v8.OralEvidenceRule口头证据规则
●(5)damages损害赔偿金
pensatorydamages补偿性损害赔偿金
v2.consequentialdamages间接损害赔偿金(lostprofits)
v3.liquidateddamages约定违约金
v4.penaltydamages惩罚性损害赔偿金
v5.nominaldamages象征性损害赔偿金
●(6)TortandCrime侵权和犯罪
Privatelaw(againstinjureparty)
Publiclaw(againstthesociety)
theinjuredpartybringanaction
Thestateprosecutes
Toprotecttheindividual’interests
Toprotectthepublic
Damagesorspecificperformanceorinjunction
Imprisonorfines
Preponderanceoftheevidence
Provebeyondreasonabledoubt
●Tortandbreachofcontract侵权和违约
Violationofoneperson’slegalduty
Violationofself-imposedduty
Toplacethepalintiffasifthetorthadnotoccured
Toplacetheplaintiffasifthecontracthadbeenperformed
damagesorinjunction
Damagesorinjunctionorspecificperformance
●(7)ClassificationsofTorts侵权的分类
•1.intentionaltorts故意侵权
intention:
thewrongdoerwantedtoharmsomeoneorknewthatwhatdidwouldresultinharm.侵权人希望或者确信其行为会给他人造成损害。
•2.negligence过失侵权
Itistheunintentionalcausingofharmthatcouldhavebeenpreventedifthedefendanthadactedasareasonableandprudentperson
•3.strictliabilitytort严格责任侵权
●(8)Battery殴打的概念、构成要件
•Itistheintentional,unprivilegedandeitherharmfuloroffensivecontractwiththepersonofanother.
•故意地对他人的人身进行有害的或冒犯性的接触。
•Elements:
•
(1)Anactbythedefendantwhichbringsaboutharmfuloroffensivecontacttotheplaintiff’spersonoreffects伤害性或冒犯性的接触他人的行为
•
(2)Thedefendant’sintenttomakesuchacontact接触的故意
•(3)Thecausationbetweenthedefendant’sactandtheoffensiveorharmfultouchingoftheplaintiff’spersonoreffects因果关系
●(9)Assault威吓的概念、构成要件
Itisanactbythedefendantcreatingareasonableapprehensionintheplaintiffforimmediateharmfuloroffensivecontacttotheplaintiff’sperson.通过一定的行为对他人进行恫吓,从而引起其对于即将来到的殴打行为产生合理的警觉
•Elements:
•
(1)Intenttocauseapprehensionofcontact
有使人产生警觉的故意
•
(2)Presentapparentabilityofthedefendanttocausecontact有立即进行殴打的实际能力
threateninggesturebythedefendant有实际威胁行为
•(3)Well-groundedapprehensionofimminentunconsentedcontact.有使人产生合理警觉
●(10)侵犯动产与侵占动产的区别
•
(1)TrespasstochattelsInfringesapossessor’sinterestinfreedomfromminorintentionalinterferencewithpersonalproperty.
故意地对他人动产权益的进行侵犯
(2)Itoccurswhenapersonintentionallyexercisesexclusivecontroloverthepersonalpropertyofanotherwithoutpermission侵权人未经允许,故意行使对他人动产的排他性占有权。
(3)Thedifferencebetweentrespasstochattelsandconversionisamatterofdegree.Injusticeofrequiringtheactortopaythefullvalue,thecourtsmayconsidervariousfactorsincludingthedurationoftimethedefendanthasexercisedcontrolovertheproperty,thedefendant’smotiveandtheharmdone.
●(11)Defensestointentionaltort
故意侵权的抗辩事由
•1.
(1)Consentbytheplaintiffnegatesthewrongfulelementofthedefendant’sconduct受害人同意使被告的侵权行为丧失违法性。
•2.self-defense正当防卫
(1)Apersonshouldnecessarilybelievesthattheforceisnecessarytoprotecthimself,andtheforceusedisnecessarilytopreventtheharm.必要性
•3.defenseofothers保护他人
Itmaybeinvokedbyanyonewhoreasonablybelievesthatforceisnecessarytoprotectanotherfromphysicalharm.
4.Defenseofproperty保护财产
•5.necessity紧急避险
Publicnecessity/privatenecessity公共紧急避险、私人紧急避险
6.Discipline管教
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