英语阅读作业60篇.docx
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英语阅读作业60篇.docx
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英语阅读作业60篇
UNIT1
TheFederalTradeCommissionhadsomesharpwordsforInternetcompaniesThursday,sayingthattheyarenotexplainingtotheirusersclearlyenoughwhatinformationtheycollectaboutthemandhowtheyuseitforadvertising.
Fornow,thecommissionisstickingtoitsviewthattheInternetindustrycanvoluntarilyregulateitsownprivacypractices.
Butthetoneofthereport,andcommentsbyseveralcommissionmembersandstaffofficials,indicatedthatiftheindustrydoesnotmovefaster,theagencywouldincreaseregulationorcallforCongresstolegislatestricteronlineprivacyrules.
“Peoplewereworriedthatthecommissionwouldabandonitssupportforself-regulation,”saidJulesPolonetsky,theco-chairmanoftheFutureofPrivacyForum,atradegroup.“ThecommissionissayingyouhaveonelastchancebeforeIcomeupstairsandtakeyourtoysaway.”
Technically,thecommissionreleasedanupdatetoitsprinciplesforwhatitcallsonlinebehavioraladvertising—adsshowntotheuserbasedonpastpatternsofbehavior.Thesearevoluntaryguidelinesfirstissuedattheendof2007.
ThenewguidelinessuggestthatWebsitesexplainhowtheycollectandusedataina“clear,concise,consumerfriendly,andprominent”way.Fewsitesmeetthatstandardrightnow,thecommissionfound.
“Whatweobserveisthat,withrareexception,itisnottheruleforanyWebsitestodothosethings,”saidEileenHarrington,theactingdirectorofthecommission'sbureauofconsumerprotection,inaninterviewThursday.“Itisfarmorecommonplaceforthemtoputtheinformationinthemidstoflengthyandhard-to-understandprivacypolicies.”
Ms.HarringtonchallengedInternetcompaniestoexplainwhattheyaredoinginasectionotherthanitsprivacypolicy.
Thecommissiondidnotspecifywhatsortofnoticecompaniesshouldgive,butitnotedthatsomehaveproposedmethodsthataremorevisibletotheaverageuser,likealinkrightoneachadvertisementthatleadstoanexplanationofwhatdatatheadvertisercollectsanduses.
“Thisisaboutadvertising,sothesepeopleoughttobecreative,”shesaid.
Groupsthatwantbetteronlineprivacyweremixedintheirreaction.Somepraisedthenew,tougherstandardsfortargetedads.ButothersarguedthatthecommissiondidnotgofarenoughtoregulateallthedifferentwaysthatInternetcompaniesmonitorusers.
“Thesearebabystepsforprivacyatbest,”saidJeffChester,thedirectoroftheCenterforDigitalDemocracy.
UNIT2
OnebigplusoftheHousebillistheincentivesitcontainsforalittle-knowntechnologycalledcogeneration.Thisisamethodofusingwasteheattogeneratepower,andithasenormouspotential.
Powerplants,factoriesandrefineriesventsteamandhotgasesthroughsmokestacks.Allthatwastedheatiswastedenergy.Byputtingarecoverydeviceinthestackandusingthesteamtodriveaturbine,onecangenerateelectricitytosendbackintothefactoryortothepowergrid.A2005LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratorystudyof16majorindustriesfoundenoughwasteheattogenerate96,000megawattsofpower,whichisnearlyafifthofnationwideelectricitydemand.Anothermethodofcogenerationistobuildamini-plant,usuallyfueledbynaturalgas,topowerlargeindustrialorcommercialproperties;asingleflamegenerateselectricityandheatsthebuildingswhilecuttingouttransmissioncosts.Bothmethodsdramaticallyreducepowerconsumptionandthusemissions.
Cogenerationisattractingincreasingnotice,butitstillfaceshighhurdles.Utilitiesseetheentrepreneurswhobuildcogenerationplantsascompetitorsandoftenstructuretheirratestonullifysavingsforcompaniesthatrecyclepower.Further,insomestatesit'sillegalforanyoneotherthanautilitytosellelectricity.TheHouseenergybillrightlyimprovesaccesstothepowergridforcogenerationfacilitiesandsetsupaloanfundtoencouragerecycledenergyinpublicbuildings,butmoreshouldbedone,suchascreationofaninvestmenttaxcreditforcogenerationplants.
Undoubtedlythereisalimittoconservation--atsomepoint,itwillbecomeprohibitivelyexpensivetokeepmakingrefrigerators5%moreefficienteveryyear--buttheamountofpowerthatcouldstillbesavedusingexistingtechnologiesisstaggering.LawrenceBerkeleyresearcherHashemAkbariestimatesthesavingsfromasimplefixlikerequiringwhiteroofs,whichwouldreflectsunlightandthereforelowercoolingcosts,atmorethan$1billionayearnationwide.
Fightingglobalwarmingdoesn'thavetoderailtheeconomy,orevenslowitmuch.Someofthecostsoftheexpensivefixes,suchasdevelopingrenewablepower,capturingcarbonfromcoal-burningplantsandrefiningbetterbio-fuels,canbeoffsetbythesavingsfromefficiencymeasuressuchasbetterinsulation,tougherfueleconomystandardsandappliancesthatsucklesspower.Therightcombinationofsavingenergyandinvestinginnewformswillpaydividendsfortheworld.
UNIT3
Oneofthehottestquestionsinthestudyofanimalbehavioris,“Doanimalshaveemotions?
”Thesimpleansweris,“Ofcoursetheydo.”Justlookatthem,listentothem,and,ifyoudare,smelltheodorstheyemitwhentheyinteractwithfriendsandfoes.Lookattheirfaces,tails,bodiesand,mostimportantly,theireyes.Whatweseeontheoutsidetellsusalotaboutwhat'shappeninginsideanimals'headsandhearts.
Asascientistwho'sstudiedanimalemotionsformorethan30years,Iconsidermyselfveryfortunate.WheneverIobserveorworkwithanimals,Igettocontributetoscienceanddevelopsocialrelationshipsatthesametime,andtome,there'snoconflictbetweenthetwo.Whilestoriesaboutanimalemotionsabound,therearemanylinesofscientificsupport(whatIcall“sciencesense”)aboutthenatureofanimalemotionsthatarerapidlyaccumulatingfrombehavioralandneurobiologicalstudies(fromtheemergingfieldcalledsocialneuroscience).Commonsenseandintuitionalsofeedintoandsupportsciencesenseandtheobviousconclusionisthatmammals,attheveryleast,experiencerichanddeepemotionallives,feelingpassionsfrompureandcontagiousjoyduringplay,todeepgriefandpain.Recentdataalsoshowsthatbirdsandfisharesentientandexperiencepainandsuffering.Prestigiousscientificjournalsregularlypublishessaysonjoyinrats,griefinelephantsandempathyinmice.
Thebottomlineisthatweknowmoreaboutanimalpassionsthanweoftenadmit,andwecannolongerignorethepainandsufferingofotherbeings.Manypeopleinhighereducationarefacedwithdifficultquestionsabouttheuseofanimalsintheirclassroomsandresearchlaboratoriesandtodaywemustacceptthattherearecompellingreasonsstemmingfromscientificresearchtolimitandperhapsstopusinganimalsinlieuofthenumeroushighlyeffectivenon-animalalternativesthatarereadilyavailable.
Inscientificresearchtherearealwayssurprises.Justwhenwethinkwe'veseenitall,newscientificdataappearthatforceustorethinkwhatweknowandtoreviseourstereotypes.Forexample,spindlecells,whichwerelongthoughttoexistonlyinhumansandothergreatapes,haverecentlybeendiscoveredinhumpbackwhales,finwhales,killerwhalesandspermwhalesinthesameareaoftheirbrainsasspindlecellsinhumanbrains.Thisbrainregionislinkedwithsocialorganization,empathyandintuitionaboutthefeelingsofothers,aswellasrapidgutreactions.Spindlecellsareimportantinprocessingemotions.It'slikelythatifweseekthepresenceofspindlecellsinotheranimalswewillfindthem.
UNIT4
Thetelecommunications,pharmaceutical,andairlineindustriesallhaveundergonewrenchingchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanies,whichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthem,switchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.
Ineachoftheseindustries,thegamechanged,andwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool's“ChangingtheGame:
NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking.”Theprogram,whichcoversnotonlydealmakingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships,“isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone,”saysMaxBazerman,programchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool.
Thisisnotaprogramfornovices,saysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In“ChangingtheGame,”participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiation,tocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategies,andtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironments,theprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomics,behavioraldecisionresearch,andbehavioralfinance.
Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalue,andlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparation,teambuilding,negotiating,andfeedback,aswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewlyhonedanalyticalskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiquepastnegotiations.
“ChangingtheGame”isdesignedtoavoidacommonpitfallofexecutiveeducationprograms,maintainsBazerman.Alltoooften,henotes,participantsinotherprogramscomplainthat“Iheardsomeinterestingth
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