in terms of interconnections network capacity load demand and addition of new devices for improvin.docx
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in terms of interconnections network capacity load demand and addition of new devices for improvin.docx
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intermsofinterconnectionsnetworkcapacityloaddemandandadditionofnewdevicesforimprovin
parametricallyamplifiedMEMSrategyroscope OriginalResearchArticle
SensorsandActuatorsA:
Physical,InPress,CorrectedProof,Availableonline25February2011
Z.X.Hu,B.J.Gallacher,J.S.Burdess,C.P.Fell,K.Townsend
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Abstract
ThispaperreportsaparametricallyamplifiedMEMSrategyroscope.ApracticalparametricexcitationschemeimplementedusingDigitalSignalProcessing(DSP)hasbeendevelopedtoenableeitheramplificationoftheprimarymodeofthegyroscopeoramplificationoftheresponsetotheappliedangularvelocity.Theprimaryobjectiveofthisworkistoimprovethescale-factorandthesignaltonoiseperformanceofthegyroscope.ParametricamplificationoftheprimarymodeofthegyroscopeisachievedbyfrequencytrackingandregulationoftheamplitudesoftheharmonicforcingandparametricexcitationtomaintainadesiredparametricgainbyclosedloopPIDcontrol.Stableparametricamplificationoftheprimarymodebyafactorof20isdemonstratedexperimentally.Thishasimportantbenefitsregardingtheminimisationofelectricalfeedthroughofthedrivesignaltothesenseelectrodesofthesecondarymode.BytakingadvantageofthephasedependenceofparametricamplificationandtheorthogonalityoftheCoriolisforceandquadratureforcing,theresponsetotheappliedangularvelocitymaybeparametricallyamplifiedbyapplyingexcitationofaparticularphasedirectlytothesensingmode.ThemajoradvantageofparametricamplificationappliedtoMEMSgyroscopesisthatitcanmechanicallyamplifytheCoriolisresponsebeforebeingpickedoffelectrically.Thisisparticularlyadvantageousforsensorswhereelectronicnoiseisthemajornoisecontributor.Inthiscaseparametricamplificationcansignificantlyimprovethesignaltonoiseratioofthesecondarymodebyanamountapproximatelyequaltotheparametricamplification.Preliminaryratetabletestsperformedinopenloopdemonstrateamagnificationofthesignaltonoiseratioofthesecondarymodebyafactorof9.5andthescale-factorby11.TheexcitationandcontrolschemehavebeenimplementeddigitallyusingaDSPdevelopmentboardenablingveryhighsamplingprecisionandexecutionspeednecessaryforgyroscopicapplications.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Devicedescriptionandfrequencyresponse
3.Parametricexcitationandamplification
3.1.Parametricamplificationoftheprimarymode
3.2.Parametricamplificationofthesecondarymode
3.3.AmplificationofthesignaltonoiseratiooftheCoriolisresponse
4.Experimentaldeterminationofthethresholdvoltage
5.Closedloopparametricamplificationoftheprimarymode
5.1.Descriptionofcontrolcircuit
5.2.Measurementsofphasesandamplitudesbyorthogonaldemodulationmethod
5.3.Phasetrackingoftheprimarymodeunderparametricexcitation
5.4.Amplitudeandparametricgaincontroloftheprimarymode
6.ControllerrealizationinDSP
7.Experimentalresultsfortheprimarymodeunderclosedloopcontrol
8.OpenloopparametricamplificationoftheCoriolisresponse
8.1.Sensingalgorithms
8.2.ExperimentalresultsforparametricamplificationoftheCoriolisresponse
8.2.1.AmplificationoftheCoriolisresponse
8.2.2.Amplificationofthesignaltonoiseratio
9.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Vitae
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EstimatingnutrientreleasesfromagricultureinChina:
Anextendedsubstanceflowanalysisframeworkandamodelingtool OriginalResearchArticle
ScienceofTheTotalEnvironment,Volume408,Issue21,1October2010,Pages5123-5136
M.Chen,J.Chen,F.Sun
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Abstract
AgriculturerelatedpollutionhasattractedtheattentionofpolicymakersaswellasscientistsinChinaasitscontributiontowaterimpairmenthasincreased,andquantitativeinformationatthenationalandregionallevelsisbeingsoughttosupportdecisionmaking.However,traditionalapproachesareeithertime-consuming,expensive(e.g.nationalsurveys)oroversimplifiedandcrude(e.g.coefficientmethods).Therefore,thisstudyproposedanextendedsubstanceflowanalysis(SFA)frameworktoestimatenutrientreleasesfromagriculturalandruralactivitiesinChinabydepictingthenutrientflowsinChineseagro-ecosystems.Thesix-stepprocessproposedhereinincludes:
(a)systemdefinition;(b)modeldevelopment;(c)databasedevelopment;(d)modelvalidation;(e)resultsinterpretation;and(f)uncertaintyanalysis.ThedevelopedEubolism(ElementaryUnitbasednutrientBalancemOdeLInginagro-ecoSysteM)modelcombinedanutrientbalancemodulewithanemissioninventorymoduletoquantifythenutrientflowsintheagro-ecosystem.Themodelwasvalidatedandthenappliedtoestimatethetotalagriculturalnutrientloads,identifythecontributionofdifferentagriculturalandruralactivitiesanddifferentlandusetypestothetotalloads,andanalyzethespatialpatternofagriculturalnutrientemissionsinChina.Theseresultscouldprovideanentirepictureofagriculturalpollutionatthenationallevelandbeusedtosupportpolicymaking.Furthermore,uncertaintiesassociatedwiththestructureoftheelementaryunits,spatialresolution,andinputs/parameterswerealsoanalyzedtoevaluatetherobustnessofthemodelresults.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.TheextendedSFAframeworkandmodelingtool
2.1.Systemdefinition
2.2.Modeldevelopment
2.2.1.Modelconceptualization
2.2.2.Processesandequations
2.3.Databasedevelopment
2.4.Modelvalidation
2.5.Resultsinterpretation
2.6.Uncertaintyanalysis
2.7.UncertaintyofEUstructure
2.7.1.Uncertaintyofspatialaggregation
2.7.2.Uncertaintyofinputs/parameters
3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1.Modelvalidation
3.2.Modelresultsandimplications
3.2.1.Totalandarea-specificagriculturalnutrientloads
3.2.2.Compositionofagriculturalnutrientloads
3.2.3.Agriculturalnutrientexportloadsandintensities
3.2.4.SpatialpatternsofagriculturalnutrientemissionsinChina
3.3.Modeluncertainties
3.3.1.UncertaintyoftheEUstructure
3.3.2.Uncertaintyofspatialaggregation
3.3.3.Uncertaintyofinputs/parameters
4.Conclusion
AppendixA.Supplementarydata
References
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ThestateofsolarenergyresourceassessmentinChile OriginalResearchArticle
RenewableEnergy,Volume35,Issue11,November2010,Pages2514-2524
AlbertoOrtega,RodrigoEscobar,SergioColle,SamuelLunadeAbreu
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Abstract
TheChileangovernmenthasdeterminedthatarenewableenergyquotaofupto10%oftheelectricalenergygeneratedmustbemetby2024.Thisplanhasalreadysparkedinterestinwind,geothermal,hydroandbiomasspowerplantsinordertointroducerenewableenergysystemstothecountry.Solarenergyisbeingconsideredonlyfordemonstration,small-scaleCSPplantsandfordomesticwaterheatingapplications.Thisapparentlackofinterestinsolarenergyispartlyduetotheabsenceofavalidsolarenergydatabase,adequateforenergysystemsimulationandplanningactivities.Oneoftheavailablesolarradiationdatabasesis20–40yearsold,withmeasurementstakenbypyranographsandCampbell–Stokesdevices.AseconddatabasefromtheChileanMeteorologicalServiceiscomposedbypyranometerreadings,sparselydistributedalongthecountryandavailablefrom1988,withanumberofthesestationsoperatingintermittently.TheChileangovernmentthroughitsNationalEnergyCommission(CNE)hascontractedtheformulationofasimulationmodelandalsothedeploymentofnetworkofmeasurementstationsinnorthernChile.Recenteffortsbytheauthorshaveresultedinapreliminaryassessmentbysatelliteimageprocessing.Here,wecomparetheexistingdatabasesofsolarradiationinChile.Monthlymeansolarenergymapsarecreatedfromgroundmeasurementsandsatelliteestimationsandcompared.Itisfoundthatsignificantdeviationexistsbetweensources,andthatallground-stationmeasurementsdisplayunknownuncertaintylevels,thushighlightingtheneedforaproper,country-widelong-termresourceassessmentinitiative.However,thesolarenergylevelsthroughoutthecountry canbeconsideredashigh,anditisthoughtthattheyareadequateforenergyplanningactivities–althoughnotyetforproperpowerplantdesignanddimensioning.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
1.1.Renewableenergypotential
2.Solarradiationmeasurements
2.1.Availableground-stationdata
2.1.1.Nationalsolarimetricarchive
2.1.2.Meteorologicalservicedata
2.1.3.CNE-GTZgroundstation
2.1.4.Weathersimulationmodel
2.2.Satelliteestimationofsurfaceradiation
2.3.Comparisonbetweenground-stationdataandsatelliteestimations
2.4.Timeseries
3.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Evaluationofthinfilmceriamembranesforsyngasmembranereactors—Preparation,characterizationandtesting OriginalResearchArticle
JournalofMembraneScience,InPress,CorrectedProof,Availableonline13December2010
A.Kaiser,S.Foghmoes,C.Chatzichristodoulou,M.Søgaard,J.A.Glasscock,H.L.Frandsen,P.V.Hendriksen
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