托福阅读长难句 答案.docx
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托福阅读长难句 答案.docx
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托福阅读长难句答案
Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?
Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
1.Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.
○Functionalapplied-artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.
○Thefunctionofapplied-artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics.
○Sincefunctionalapplied-artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits,arbitrarydecisionscannothavedeterminedtheirgeneralform.
○Thegeneralformofapplied-artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnotdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.
2.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhales[bymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown],eventhoughaflukewasmissing.
○EventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.
○ThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.
○AlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.
○Bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.
3.Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.
○Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.
○Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.
○Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.
○Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.
4.Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.
○Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.
○Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines.
○Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.
○Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.
5.Forexample,people[whobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified-asduringwartime-]arelikelytoactaggressively,whereaspeople[whobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified,]arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.
○Peoplewhobelievethattheyarefightingajustwaractaggressivelywhilethosewhobelievethattheyarefightinganunjustwardonot.
○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoactaggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently.
○Peoplewhonormallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime.
○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime.
6.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.
○Mastersdemandedmoralbehaviorfromapprenticesbutoftentreatedthemirresponsibly.
○Theresponsibilitiesofthemastertotheapprenticewentbeyondtheteachingofatrade.
○Masterspreferredtomaintainthetradewithinthefamilybysupervisingandeducatingtheyoungerfamilymembers.
○Masterswhotrainedmembersoftheirownfamilyasapprenticesdemandedexcellencefromthem.
7.Onepotentialproblemisthatopeningthemouthtobreathedetractsfromthestreamliningofthesefishesandtendstoslowthemdown.
○Thesefishesoftenhaveaproblemopeningtheirmouthswhileswimming.
○Thestreamliningofthesefishespreventsthemfromslowingdown.
○Thestreamliningofthesefishestendstoslowdowntheirbreathing.
○Openingthemouthtobreathecanreducethespeedofthesefishes.
8.Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence,successfullyresistingthedestructiveforcesofnature,butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort-livedingeologicalterms.
○Whentheyarerelativelyyoung,hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature.
○Althoughtheyseempermanent,hillsandmountainsexistforarelativelyshortperiodofgeologicaltime.
○Hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature,butonlyforashorttime.
○Hillsandmountainsresistthedestructiveforcesofnaturebetterthanothertypesoflandforms.
9.TheWhigswerestrongestinthetowns,cities,andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy,whereasDemocratsdominatedareasofsemisubsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically.
○WhigswereabletoattractsupportonlyinthewealthiestpartsoftheeconomybecauseDemocratsdominatedinotherareas.
○WhigandDemocraticareasofinfluencewerenaturallysplitbetweenurbanandruralareas,respectively.
○ThesemisubsistencefarmingareasdominatedbyDemocratsbecameincreasinglyisolatedbytheWhigs'controlofthemarketeconomy.
○TheDemocrats'powerwasgreatestinpoorerareaswhiletheWhigswerestrongestinthoseareaswherethemarketwasalreadyfullyoperating.
10.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstories【thatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.】
○TheFore'sfacialexpressionsindicatedtheirunwillingnesstopretendtobestorycharacters.
○TheForewereaskedtodisplayfamiliarfacialexpressionswhentheytoldtheirstories.
○TheForeexhibitedthesamerelationshipoffacialexpressionsandbasicemotions【thatisseeninWesternculture】whentheyactedoutstories.
○TheForewerefamiliarwiththefacialexpressionsandbasicemotionsofcharactersinstories.
11.【Althoughherearlytheatricalcareerhadincludedstintsasanactress,】shewasnotprimarilyinterestedinstorytellingorexpressingemotionsthroughdance;thedramaofherdancingemanatedfromhervisualeffects.
○Fullerwasmoreinterestedindance’svisualimpactthaninitsnarrativeoremotionalpossibilities.
○Fullerusedvisualeffectstodramatizethestoriesandemotionsexpressedinherwork.强加关系
○Fullerbelievedthatthedramaofherdancingsprangfromheremotionalstyleofstorytelling.
○Fuller’sfocusonthevisualeffectsofdanceresultedfromherearlytheatricaltrainingasanactress.
12.Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusion【whenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun】,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergs【underagreatvarietyoflightconditions】.
一个对于绿色冰山的解释把它们的颜色归因为一个当蓝色的冰被接近地平线的红太阳照亮时产生的光学错觉;但绿色冰山在多种多样的光线条件下都会在白色和蓝色冰山中间凸显出来。
○Oneexplanationnotesthatgreenicebergsstandoutamongothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butthisisattributedtoanopticalillusion.
○Oneexplanationforthecolorofgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionthatoccurswhenthelightfromanear-horizonredSunshinesonablueiceberg.incomplete
○Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butgreenicebergsstandoutbestamongothericebergswhenilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun.
○Oneexplanationattributesthecolorofgreenicebergstoanopticalillusionunderspeciallightconditions,butgreenicebergsappeardistinctfromothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.
13.Earthis[atargetinacosmicshootinggallery],subjecttorandomviolenteventsthatwereunsuspectedafewdecadesago.
○Untilrecently,nobodyrealizedthatEarthisexposedtounpredictableviolentimpactsfromspace.
○Inthelastfewdecades,theriskofarandomviolentimpactfromspacehasincreased.
○SincemostviolenteventsonEarthoccurrandomly,nobodycanpredictwhenorwheretheywillhappen.
○Afewdecadesago,Earthbecamethetargetofrandomviolenteventsoriginatinginouterspace.
14.Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.
○Hawks,falcons,andeaglesprefertohuntalongridgelines,wherewindturbinescankilllargenumbersofmigratorybirds.
○Windturbinesoccasionallycausemigratorybirdstochangetheirflightpatternsandthereforemayinterferewiththeareaswherebirdsofpreyprefertohunt.
○Someofthebestlocationsforlargewindfarmsareplacesthatmaycauseproblemsformigratingbirdsandbirdsofprey.
○Largewindfarmsincertainareaskillhawks,falcons,andeaglesandthusmightcreateamoreidealpathfortheflightofmigratorybirds.
15.Theseplants(Dandelions)aretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds’fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynaturalprocesses,【suchasalonganerodingriverbank,
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