高中牛津教材选修模块10课本全文.docx
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高中牛津教材选修模块10课本全文.docx
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高中牛津教材选修模块10课本全文
BookⅩ
Unit1Buildingthefuture
A.Readthefollowingessayquicklyandanswerthesequsetions.
1.WhenwasLiveAidheld?
2.WhatdoesWEPstandfor?
3.HowmanypeoplehastheWEPhelpedsinceitwasestablished?
B.Thefollowingisoneofthewinningeassysofastudentwritingcompetition.Readittofindoutmoreabouthelpingdevelopingcountries.
Giveamanafish
In1985,therewaslittlerainfallinEthiopia,whichledtodestroyedharvestsandkilledcattle.TheseverityofthiscatastropheshockedBobGeldof,anIrishmusicianwhoorganizedacharityconcertcalledLiveAidtoraisemoneyforfaminevictimsinEthiopia.Theconcerttookplaceon13July1985intwolocations---inLodonandinPhiladelphia---andincludedthebiggeststarsofthetime.Geldofintendedtheconcerttoraisemoneyforandpublicawarenessofthefeminerelieffunding.Theconcertalsoreceivedsomuchattentionaroundtheworldthatitputgreatpressureonpoliticiansandstatesmentodosomethingboutthefamine.
TheEthiopianfaminewasin1985,andformanypeopleinthedevelopingworld,diseaseandpovertyarestillseriousproblems.Forexamples.Forexample,thediseasemalaria,whichisspreadbymosquitoes,killsoveronemillionchildrenyearly.Ontopofthis,accordingtotheUnitedNations,hungerandmalnutritionclaimtenmillionliveseveryyear.Infact,hungeristhenumberoneglobalhealthrisk,killingmorepeoplethananydisease.
Intryingtofightworldwidehunger,theUnitedNationssetuptheWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)in1963.theWFPhasorganizedanumberofprogrammes,includingtheFood-for-Lifeprogramme,whichsendsemergencyfoodaidtocountriesduringtimesofcrisis;theFood-for-Growthprogramme,whichtargetspeoplemostatrisk,suchasbabies,pregnantwomenandtheelderly;theFood-for-Workprogramme,whichhelpsunemployedpeoplesupportthemselvesbygivingthemworkandpayingtheminfoodaid.Thoughprogrammeslikethese,theWFPhashelpdemorethanonebillionpeoplesinceitwassetup.Itiswithoutdoubtanamazingachievement,butisitenough?
Today,somedevelopingcountriesinAfirca,AsiaandsouthAmericastandatacrossroads.Theyarecurrentlydeveloping,butepuallytheycouldfallfurhterbehinddevelopedcountries.Theyneedhelp,butthesadtruthisthatfoodaidaloneisnotenoughtohelpthesecountries.Itismerelyashort-termsolutiontoalong-termproblem.Thereisasayingthatgoes‘Giveamanafish,andyouneedhimforaday.Teachamantofish,andyoufeedhimforalifetime.’Developingcountriescandothisiftheyswitchfromimportingfoodtopriducingit.
Whatdevelopingcountriesreallyneedtodoistostoppovertybufightingthecausesofit.Onewaytodothisistoimproveacountry'sinfrastructure.Theinfrastructureofacountryiswhatmakeseverythingrunsmoothly,includingthingsliketransport,irrigation,electricity,postalservice,telephonesandschools.Ifthesethingsdevelop,jobswillbecreatedforpeople,allowingthemtohelpthemselvesinsteadofbeingdependentonotherpeople.Clearly,developmenaidtogethetwithfoofaidisthelong-termsolutiontotheproblemofpoverty.
Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthefutureofdevelopingcountriesliesinthehandsofchildren.Thisiswhyeducationandtrainingforyoungpeopleissoimportant.Therearegenerallythebreadwinners.However,groupsofhousewivesandwidowstherehavebeentaughttosewclothing,whichtheysellandmakefortheirfamilies.IneasternNigeria,youngpeoplearebeingtrainedtousecomputertechnologytodeveloptheirproblemsolvingandcommunicationskills.InSouthAfrica,acommunityprogrammeisprovidingtrainingandresourcestounemployedandhomelesspeopletomakeconventionalbusinessess,theprogrammehasarapidlygrowingoutputandmanypeoplehavebeenquitesuccessful.
Therearehundredsofsuccessstorieslikethesefromalloverthedevelopingworld,showingthatalotisbeingdonetofightpoverty,butwecannotpretendthatthefightisover.Povertyisstillkillingpeople.However,thesesmallvictoriesareagoodstarttowardsabetterfuturebecausetheyarenottheresultofgivingamanasinglefishsothathecaneatforaday.theyaretheresultofteachingamantofishsothathecanfillhisbellyforalifetime.
Readingstrategy:
understandingatitle
Mostessaysandartilceshaveatitle.Sometimes,readersmaynotunderstandatitleuntiltheyhavereadthewholetext.Thetitleofthisessayis‘Giveamanafish’.Beforereadingtheessay,itisnotclearwhatthismeans.Inthefirstthreeparagraphs,theauthorgraduallyintroducesthethemeoftheessay.Then,inthefourthparagraph,theauthotquotesasayingandreadersunderstandthatthisiswherethetitlecomesfrom.Afterwards,theauthorusesthissayingasasymboltodevelopthetheme.Intheconcludingpragraph,theauthorreturnstothesaying,provesitsrelevanceandunitesthewholetextbyreferingonceagaintothetitle.
ProjectReportingonsustainabledevelopmen
Inordertoimprovepeople'slivesandtoreducepoverty,itisimportantforcountriestodevelop.However,sometimesdevelopmentcanbebadforacountryandcandomoreharmthangood.Inordertoavidthis,theideaofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeenintroduced.
A.Readthefollowingfeaturestoryinanewspaperabouttheimportanceofsuxtainabledevelopmentandsomeparticularformsofrenewableenergy.Thiswillhelpyoucarryoutyourproject.
Agiftforthefuture
byLinWenmei
Inthenextseveraldecades,itisbelievedthattheworld'spopulationwillincreasetoaboutninebillionpeople.Thisshouldsetalarmbellsringingbecausethebarefactisthat,inorderforeveryonetosrrvive,seriouschangesneedtobemadeinglobaldevelopment.Thisdemelopmentneedstobedifferentfrompastdevelopment,whichpollutedtheenviromentandwastednaturalresources.
Onepossiblesolutiontothisproblemnowbeingdiscussedissustainabledevelopment.Sustainabledevelopmentislong-termplanningwhichfocusesontheenviromentandpreservingnaturalresources.Itisallaboutcreatingbetterhealthcare,education,housingandimprovedstandardsoflivingforeveryone.Thisissimpleidea,butonewhichishardtoputintopractice.However,itissomethingthatwemustdobecausewithoutsustainabledevelopment,ourfutureandthelivesofourchildrenandourgrandchildrenwillbeindanger.
NearlyeverythingwedoinourmodernlivesrequierstheuseofEarth'snaturalresources.Thesenaturalresourcesprovidetheenergytodomanyimportantthingstohaveashower,toboilwater,topowerelectricalequipmentandtoturnoilintopetrol.Thelistisalmostlydependonfossilfuelssuchascoal,gasandoiltoproduceenergy.
Fossilfulesarefoundundergroundandarenon-renewablesourcesofenergy,whichmeansthattheycannotberenewedinashortperiodoftime.Wearecurrentlyconsumingfossilfulesatamuchhigherratethantheyarebeingproduced.Ifthiscontinues,somepeoplebelievethatoilfieldsandcoalseamswillrunoutintheforeseeablefuture.
Ontopofthis,burningsossilfuelsproducescarbondioxide,whichislikepoisontotheenviroment.Carbondioxidecontributestoair,waterandsoilpollutionandcausesglobalwarmingandacidrain.Thisiswhymanypeoplearepushingforuseofalternativeenergysources.
Alternativeenergysourcesarerenewable,whichmeanstheycanbeusedwithoutrunningout.Someexamplesofrenewableenegyaresolarenergy,windenergyandhydroelectricity.Aspeoplearebecomingmoreconsciousofprotectingtheenvironment,thesetypesofenergyarebecomgingincreasinglypopular.
Solarenergyusesthesuntoprovideheat,light,hotwaterandelectricity.Themostcommonwaytogathersolarenergyisbyusingacomplexsystemofmirrors,pipesandageneratororstoragetank.Thesunshinesontothemirrorsandheatsthemaswellasthepipesbelowthem.Thepipeshaveoilorwaterinsidethem,whichiseitherheatedandsenttoastoragetankuntilneededorusedtoboilwaterinagenerator.
Inthepast,windmillswereusedtopumpwaterandmakeflourfromgrains.Today,differentkindsofwindmills,calledwindturbines,areusedtoproduceelectricity.Windturbinesareplacedatleastthirtymetresabrovetheground,wherethereisalotofwind.
Ofalltherenewableenergysources,hydroelectricityistheoldestandmostcommonlyused.Hydroelectricityusestheforceofwaterflowtoproduceelectricity,sohydroelectricpowerplantsmustbeoverawatersource.Developmentsintechnologyhaveallowedustostoreandtransmithydroelecticpowersothatitcanbeusedbypeoplenotnearthepowersource.
Inmanypartsoftheworld,tentativestepsarebeingtakentointroducetheseformsofrenewableenergy.Thisisbecausereplacingfossilfuelsasanenergysourcecanbeveryexpensiveformanydevelopingcountries.Nevertheless,insomedevelopingcountries,peoplearebeingtaughthowtouserenewableenergy.Forexample,somepeopleinNigeriaaretrainningtobecomeoperatorsofsolarenergygenerators,andinCostaRica,peoplearenowusinghydroelectricitytopowertheirsmallvillages.Manyofthesecommunitiesdidnothaveanyformofelectricityorpowerbeforethis.Theintroductionofprogrammeslikethesewillhopefullyhelpendthesystematicdestructionoftheenvironmentandseerenewableenergypromotedaroundtheworld.Thiswillmeangoodthingsforourfuture,ourchildren'sfutureandourgrandchildren'sfuture.
B.Yourgroupisgoingtoresearchwhatyourcityortownisdoingtosupportsustainabledevelopment.Youwillthenwriteareportandpresentittoyourclass.Thefollowingquestionswillhelpyougetorganized.
1.Whatissustainabledevelopment?
2.Whyisitimportanttolookaftertheenvironment?
3.Whyshouldweuserenewableenergy?
4.Whatareasofsustainab
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