树木之间如何交流.doc
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树木之间如何交流.doc
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树木之间如何交流
Afterthehourwasup,Irolleddownmywindow,andIcheckedformamagrizzly.
一小时的时间到了之后,我摇下了车窗,看看灰熊妈妈还在不在。
Ohgood,she'soverthereeatingherhuckleberries.
哦太棒了,她在挺远的地方吃她的蓝莓呢。
SoIgotoutofthetruckandIgottowork.
所以我下了卡车继续我的工作。
Iwenttomyfirstbagwiththebirch.Ipulledthebagoff.
我走到第一个罩上袋子的那棵桦树旁边,把袋子扯了下来。
IranmyGeigercounteroveritsleaves.Kkhh!
Perfect.
我在那棵树的叶子旁边用盖革计数器检测一下。
咔!
完美。
Thebirchhadtakenuptheradioactivegas.Thenthemomentoftruth.
那棵桦树已经完全吸收了放射性的二氧化碳。
然后就是见证真相的时刻了。
Iwentovertothefirtree.Ipulledoffitsbag.
我走向一棵花旗松,扯下树上那个袋子。
IrantheGeigercounterupitsneedles,andIheardthemostbeautifulsound.Kkhh!
在它的针叶旁边用盖革计数器进行检测,然后我又听到了那最悦耳的声音。
咔!
树木之间如何交流
Itwasthesoundofbirchtalkingtofir,andbirchwassaying,"Hey,canIhelpyou?
"
这就是纸皮桦对花旗松说话的声音,纸皮桦说:
“嘿,我能帮你点什么?
”
Andfirwassaying,"Yeah,canyousendmesomeofyourcarbon?
然后花旗松回应它:
“啊对了,你能给我点你的碳吗?
Becausesomebodythrewashadeclothoverme."
因为刚才有人用遮光布把我罩住了。
”
Iwentuptocedar,andIrantheGeigercounteroveritsleaves,andasIsuspected,silence.
接着我又走到西部红杉旁边,我用盖革计数器在它的叶子旁边检测了一下,结果正如我猜测的一样,一片寂静。
Cedarwasinitsownworld.
西部红杉还真的是与世隔绝的。
Itwasnotconnectedintothewebinterlinkingbirchandfir.
它并没有连接到纸皮桦与花旗松互连的网络中。
Iwassoexcited,IranfromplottoplotandIcheckedall80replicates.
我特别激动,我在那80棵样本之间跑来跑去,对所有的树都进行了检测。
Theevidencewasclear.
最后的结果显而易见。
TheC-13andC-14wasshowingmethatpaperbirchandDouglasfirwereinalivelytwo-wayconversation.
碳13和碳14的流向告诉我,纸皮桦和花旗松之间的交流是双向的。
Itturnsoutatthattimeoftheyear,inthesummer,
结果还表明在每年的这个时间,在夏天的时候,
thatbirchwassendingmorecarbontofirthanfirwassendingbacktobirch,especiallywhenthefirwasshaded.
纸皮桦给花旗松送的碳比花旗松反送给它的要多,特别是当花旗松见不到阳光的时候。
三毛说“如果有来生,要做一棵树,站成永恒,没有悲伤的姿势:
一半在尘土里安详,一半在空中飞扬;一半散落阴凉,一半沐浴阳光。
非常沉默非常骄傲,从不依靠从不寻找。
”但是你知道吗?
其实大树并不沉默。
在地下存在着另外一个世界,它们使得无数的大树可以彼此交流,一片森林表现的像一个整体。
它们是如何做到的呢?
来一起且听树语。
Castro'sDeath,TrumpPresidencyRaiseQuestionsAboutUS-CubaTies
Duringhislife,FidelCastroblamedCuba'seconomicproblemsontheUnitedStatesanditsrestrictionsontradewithCuba.
Now,afterCastro'sdeath,manypeoplearewonderingwhatwillhappentotheeconomicrelationshipbetweenthetwocountries.TheelectionofDonaldTrumpasU.S.presidentwilllikelymakethesituationevenmorecomplex.
TheU.S.traderestrictionsonCuba–or,theembargo–remaininplace.ButPresidentBarackObamarecentlyeasedsomeofthoselimits.
ObamareestablisheddiplomatictiesbetweenCubaandtheUnitedStates.Thetwosidesopenedembassiesineachother'scapitalsin2015.AndtheimprovedrelationshaveledtoanincreaseinthenumberofU.S.visitorstoCuba.
YetmanyU.S.companiessaythegovernmentinCubamakesithardforforeignerstodobusinessthere.
U.S.SenatorBobMenendezsayseconomiclinksremainfirmlyconnectedtoCastro'sfamily.
"DoyouwanttodobusinessinCuba,doyouwanttobeapartofthehoteltourismindustry?
YouhavetoseeRaul's(CubanPresidentRaulCastro)son.YouwanttogoaheadanddoagriculturebusinessinCuba?
Youhavetodoitwithhisson-in-law,bothhigh-rankingofficialsoftheCubanmilitary."
JoseAzelisanexpertonCubaattheUniversityofMiamiinFlorida.HeagreesthattheCubangovernmenthastoomanyrestrictionsonforeignbusinesses.
AzelsaidthatforeigninvestorsmustsharecontroloftheirbusinessinterestswiththeCubanmilitary.And,headds,theforeignerscannotcontrolwhoworksfortheircompanyinCuba.
ButAzeldoesnotbelievethecountrywillchangeitscentralplanningsystemsoon.
AnotherissueforU.S.-CubarelationsistheelectionofbusinessmanDonaldTrump.Duringthepresidentialcampaign,TrumpcriticizedPresidentObama'smovestoeasetensionswithbetweenthetwocountries.
TrumpsaidhewillundoObama'sactionsunlessCubagivesmorereligiousandpoliticalfreedomtoitspeople.HealsowantsCubatoreleasepoliticalprisoners.
I'mAshleyThompson.
The$2.3billioninvestmentisaimedatcounteringemergingthreatstonationalsecurity.BritishChancellor,PhilipHammond,saidthisweekthatkeyinfrastructure,likeairtrafficcontrolsystemsandpowernetworks,couldbetargetedbywhathecalled"hostileforeignactors".
这23亿美元投资旨在应对国家安全面临的新兴威胁。
英国外交大臣菲利普.哈蒙德本周表示,主要基础设施,比如空中交通控制系统和电网,可能被他口中所谓的"敌对的外国演员"盯上了。
"Itisourdutytodemonstratethattheycannotactwithimpunity.Sowewillnotonlydefendourselvesincyberspace,wewillstrikebackinkindwhenweareattacked."
"我们有责任向大家说明,这些人不可能逍遥法外。
因此我们不仅会在网络空间捍卫自己,一旦受到攻击,我们也一定会以牙还牙回敬给他们。
"
HammonddidnotmentionRussiabyname.ButwritingintheGuardiannewspaperthesameday,theheadofBritain'sdomesticintelligenceserviceknownasMI5accusedMoscowofincreasinglyaggressivecyberattacks,espionage,propagandaandsubversion.
哈蒙德并没有指名道姓的提到俄罗斯,不过就在当天,《卫报》报道称,英国国内情报机构,又称军情五处(MI5)的负责人指责莫斯科变本加厉地实施网络攻击,并开展间谍、宣传和颠覆活动。
"IthinkthatinMI5foraverylongtimetheywereveryconsumedwithcounterterrorism.ThishasbeentheabsoluteNo.1priority.Andit'stakingthemabitoftimetogettooledupagaintodealingwiththethreatfromRussia."
"我觉得长期以来,军情五处都从事反恐怖主义的工作,这也绝对是他们任务的重中之重。
而如今他们又要整装待发,拿出一点儿时间来应对俄罗斯造成的威胁了。
"
英国投数十亿美元应对俄罗斯网络安全威胁
Thosetoolscandefendbutalsoactasadeterrent,arguesJohnLoughofpolicyinstituteChathamHouse.
在英国皇家国际事务研究所任职的约翰·洛表示,军情五处所采用的方法不仅可以进行防御,还能够起到威慑的作用。
"ThechallengeforWesterncountriesistoshow,ifyoulike,adegreeofresolvefordealingwithRussia,showingtheinstrumentstheyhaveavailable,showinghowinfactthosecanbesharpenedifneededifthingsweretogetworse,forexample,inUkraineorelsewhereontheperiphery."
"西方国家面临的挑战,换句话说,就是把自己在应对俄罗斯时所采取的某种程度上的解决办法展示给大家看,亮出他们可用的工具,实际上也就是让大家知道,需要用到他们各自的方法和工具时,这些国家该怎样让这些东西派上用场,比如乌克兰或其周边任何地区事态恶化的时候。
"
CriticslikeEdwardLucasoftheEconomistsayBritainandtheWestlackacohesivepolicytocountertheRussianthreat.
就职于《经济学人》的爱德华.卢卡斯和其他评论家表示,英国和西方各国家在对抗俄罗斯的威胁时,缺少一条统一的政策。
"Weneedajoined-upresponsetoPutin'sjoined-upthreatwhichlinksmoney,propaganda,espionage,theuseofenergy,orsubversion,militarysaber-rattling,allthesethings.Butcertainlyoneoftheweakestlinksisthebankers,lawyersandaccountantsintheWestwhohelptheRussianelitedisposetheirmoneyinourbigfinancialcenters.TheyshouldbefacingprosecutionandextraditiontotheUnitedStatesinthoseprospectsoflongprisonterms."
"面对普京手法老练的威胁,我们应该有同样成熟的应对策略,普京方面的威胁包括金钱、宣传和间谍活动、能源利用、颠覆活动、军事武力叫嚣等等一系列事情。
当然了,在所有联系中最弱的一环要数西方银行家、律师以及会计人员,因为他们还要在我们的大型财政中心为俄罗斯的精英分子管理财富。
这些人现在应该正在接受起诉,并被引渡回美国,未来等待着他们的可能就是长期监禁。
"
MuchofthatRussianmoneypassesthroughbanksinLondon.Lucas,aveteranMoscowcorrespondentarguesthistrademustbetackledsimultaneouslyasBritainfendsoffcyberattacks.
而俄罗斯这些资金当中的大部分都是经由伦敦各银行流通出去的。
曾驻莫斯科的资深记者卢卡斯称,英国在抵御网络攻击的同时,也应该解决这类交易。
JOHNYANG:
Next,toacloserlookatPresident-electTrump'sbusinessinterestsandpotentialconflictsthatmayarisewhenhetakesoffice.
WilliamBranghamhasmore.William?
WILLIAMBRANGHAM:
Thanks,John.
Indeed,manyanalystsbelieveweareinunprecedentedterritoryhere,whereamanwithactivefinancialdealingsinatleast20differentcountriesisabouttobecomepresidentoftheUnitedStates.
TheNewYorkTimesjustdidadeepdiveintoDonaldTrump'sglobalbusinessesandhowitcouldintersectwithhispresidency.
EricLiptonisoneofthereportersonthatstory,andhejoinsmenow.
EricLipton,thankyouverymuchforbeinghere.
Imentionedthistermunprecedented.Isthatafaircharacterization,inyourmind,wherewehaveabusinessmanwhoissowellconnectedinsomanynationsmovingintotheWhiteHouse?
ERICLIPTON,TheNewYorkTimes:
Ithinkso.
IhavespokenwithquiteanumberofpresidentialhistorianswhosaythattheyseenothinglikethisinAmericanhistory.Andit'snotjusttheassetsheowns,becausethelistofpropertiesthatheowns100percentisnotthathuge,butit'stherelationshipsthathehaswithbusinessesgloballythroughbrandingarrangementsinwhichheispaidafeeoracommissionforthosedeals.
Andsohestillhasafinancialrelationshipandbusinesspartnersinmanycountries,particularinthedevelopingworld.Andtheconcern,Ithink,ismoreinthedevelopingworld,whereyouhaveahistoryofoftentimescornersbeingcuttopowerfulpeoplewitheconomicinterests.
That'swheretherealproblemis,lesssoinlikeWesternEurope,forexample.
WILLIAMBRANGHAM:
Well,let'stalkabout—beforewegetintothedetailsofsomeofthecountriesspecifically,broadlyspeaking,whatdoyouseeasthemainconflictsofinterestshere?
What'stheproblem?
特朗普的商业和政治利益之间是否存在联系?
ERICLIPTON:
Tome,there'stwoprimarythings.
Oneissortofabroadthing,whichisthattheUnitedStatesfordecadeshasplayedaleadingrolegloballytotrytoencouragenationstoseparatetheirpoliticalfromeconomicpower,sothatthereisgreatertransparency,thateveryonehasanequalshotsatcontracts,andthattherearen'tpaymentsforpermitsorcontracts.
It'sbeensomethingthatbothDemocratsandRepublicanshavereallyralliedandpressuredotherforeigngovernments.ThereistheForeignCorruptPracticesAct.There'sbeenallkindsofprosecutionsofcompaniesthathavebeeninvolvedinanytypeofapaymenttogetacontract.
AndtheUnitedStateshasbeenapreacheronthis.AndthefactnowthatyouhaveapresidentwhoismixingthefinancialmatterswiththepoliticalmattersandthathisbusinessinterestsaregoingtooverlapwithU.S.foreignpolicyreallyunderminesthatmessagethattheUnitedStateshasworkedsohardacrossbipartisanly.
ThesecondthingisthatnomatterhowethicaltheTrumpfamilyisa
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