GMAT考试阅读辅导.docx
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GMAT考试阅读辅导.docx
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GMAT考试阅读辅导
GMAT考试阅读辅导
Passage1
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities-aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.Civilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneof(5)theprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inappar
(10)entagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagen-(15)cieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscon-tractstominorityenterprises.
Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensub-stantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,(20)thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusi-nessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.lbillionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithno(25)letupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemost(30)aresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,there-
after,theirsubcontractsareforsomereason(35)reduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,anda(40)smallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.
AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportion-(45)mentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercould(50)acquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressabout
minoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts”withWhiteback-ing,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.
(55)Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunthedangerofbecoming--andremaining-dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompe-
titionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompanies(60)makesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:
whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebene-factor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.
Passage2
WoodrowWilsonwasreferringtotheliberalideaoftheeconomicmarketwhenhesaidthatthefreeenterprisesystemisthemostefficienteconomicsystem.Maximumfreedommeans(5)maximumproductiveness;our“openness”istobethemeasureofourstability.FascinationwiththisidealhasmadeAmericansdefythe“Old
World”categoriesofsettledpossessivenessversusunsettlingdeprivation,thecupidityofretention(10)versusthecupidityofseizure,a“statusquo”defendedorattacked.TheUnitedStates,itwasbelieved,hadnostatusquoante.Ouronly“station”wastheturningofastationarywheel,spinningfasterandfaster.Wedidnotbaseour(15)systemonpropertybutopportunity---whichmeantwebaseditnotonstabilitybutonmobility.Themorethingschanged,thatis,themorerapidlythewheelturned,thesteadierwewouldbe.Theconventionalpictureofclasspoliticsis(20)composedoftheHaves,whowantastabilitytokeepwhattheyhave,andtheHave-Nots,whowantatouchofinstabilityandchangeinwhichtoscrambleforthethingstheyhavenot.ButAmericansimaginedaconditioninwhichspec-(25)ulators,self-makers,runnersarealwaysusingthenewopportunitiesgivenbyourland.Theseeconomicleaders(front-runners)wouldthushemainlyagentsofchange.Thenonstarterswere
consideredtheoneswhowantedstability,a(30)strongrefereetogivethemsomepositionintherace,aregulativehandtocalmmanicspeculation;anauthoritythatcancallthingstoahalt,beginthingsagainfromcompensatorilystaggered“startinglines.”(35)“Reform”inAmericahasbeensterilebecauseitcanimaginenochangeexceptthroughtheextensionofthismetaphorofarace,widerinclusionofcompetitors,“apieceoftheaction,”asitwere,forthedisenfranchised.Thereisno(40)attempttocallofftherace.Sinceouronlystabilityischange,Americaseemsnottohonorthequietworkthatachievessocialinterdependenceandstability.Thereis,inourlegends,noheroismoftheofficeclerk,nostableindustrialwork(45)forceofthepeoplewhoactuallymakethesystemwork.Thereisnoprideinbeinganemployee(Wilsonaskedforareturntothetimewheneveryonewasanemployer).Therehasbeennoboastingaboutoursocialworkers---theyare(50)merelysignsofthesystem’sailure,ofopportunitydeniedornottaken,ofthingstobeeliminated.Wehavenoprideinourgrowinginterdependence,inthefactthatoursystemcanerveothers,thatweareabletohelpthosein(55)need;emptyboastsfromthepastmakeusashamedofourpresentachievements,makeustrytoforgetordenythem,moveawayfromthem.ThereisnohonorbutintheWonderlandracewemustallrun,alltryingtowin,none(60)winningintheend(forthereisnoend).
Passage3
Noverysatisfactoryaccountofthemechanismthatcausedtheformationoftheoceanbasinshas
yetbeengiven.Thetraditionalviewsupposesthattheuppermantleoftheearthbehavesasa(5)liquidwhenitissubjectedtosmallforcesforlongperiodsandthatdifferencesintemperatureunderoceansandcontinentsaresufficienttoproduceconvectioninthemantleoftheearthwithrisingconvectioncurrentsunderthemid(10)oceanridgesandsinkingcurrentsunderthecontinents.Theoretically,thisconvectionwouldcarrythecontinentalplatesalongasthoughtheywereonaconveyorbeltandwouldprovidetheforcesneededtoproducethesplitthatoccurs(15)alongtheridge.Thisviewmaybecorrect:
ithastheadvantagethatthecurrentsaredrivenbytemperaturedifferencesthatthemselvesdependonthepositionofthecontinents.Suchabackcoupling,inwhichthepositionofthemoving(20)platehasanimpactontheforcesthatmoveit,couldproducecomplicatedandvaryingmotions.
Ontheotherhand,thetheoryisimplausiblebecauseconvectiondoesnotnormallyoccuralonglines.anditcertainlydoesnotoccuralong(25)linesbrokenbyfrequentoffsetsorchangesindirection,astheridgeis.AlsoitisdifficulttoseehowthetheoryappliestotheplatebetweentheMid-AtlanticRidgeandtheridgeintheIndian
Ocean.Thisplateisgrowingonbothsides,and(30)sincethereisnointermediatetrench,thetworidgesmustbemovingapart.Itwouldbeoddiftherisingconvectioncurrentskeptexactpacewiththem.Analternativetheoryisthatthesinkingpartoftheplate,whichisdenserthanthe(35)hottersurroundingmantle,pullstherestofthe
plateafterit.AgainitisdifficulttoseehowthisappliestotheridgeintheSouthAtlantic,whereneithertheAfricannortheAmericanplatehasasinkingpart.(40)Anotherpossibilityisthatthesinkingplatecoolstheneighboringmantleandproducesconvectioncurrentsthatmovetheplates.Thislasttheoryisattractivebecauseitgivessomehopeofexplainingtheenclosedseas,suchastheSeaof(45)Japan.Theseseashaveatypicaloceanicfloor,
exceptthatthefloorisoverlaidbyseveralkilometersofsediment.Theirfloorshaveprobablybeensinkingforlongperiods.Itseemspossiblethatasinkingcurrentofcooledmantlematerial(50)ontheuppersideoftheplatemightbethecauseofsuchdeepbasins.Theenclosedseasareanimportantfeatureoftheearth’ssurface,anderiouslyrequireexplanationinbecause,additiontotheenclosedseasthataredevelopingatpresentbehindislandarcs,thereareanumberof(55)olderonesofpossiblysimilarorigin,suchastheGulfofMexico,theBlackSea,andperhapstheNorthSea.
Passage4
Thefossilremainsofthefirstflyingvertebrates,thepterosaurs,haveintriguedpaleontologistsformorethantwocenturies.Howsuchlargecreatures,whichweighedinsomecasesasmuchasapilotedhang-glider(5)andhadwingspansfrom8to12meters,solvedtheproblemsofpoweredflight,andexactlywhatthesecreatureswere--reptilesorbirds-areamongthequestionsscientistshavepuzzledover.Perhapstheleastcontroversialassertionaboutthe(10)pterosaursisthattheywerereptiles.Theirskulls,pelvises,andhindfeetarereptilian.Theanatomyoftheirwingssuggeststhattheydidnotevolveintotheclassofbirds.Inpterosaursagreatlyelongatedfourth
fingerofeachforelimbsupportedawinglikemembrane.(15)Theotherfingerswereshortandreptilian,withsharp
claws.Inbirdsthesecondfingeristheprincipalstrutofthewing,whichconsistsprimarilyoffeathers.Ifthe
pterosaurswalkedonallfours,thethreeshortfingersmayhavebeenemployedforgrasping.Whena
(20)pterosaurwalkedorremainedstationary,thefourthfinger,andwithitthewing,coul
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