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农业.docx
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农业
SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURALPRACTICESINRONDÔNIA,BRAZIL:
DoLocalFarmerOrganizationsImpactAdoptionRates?
JillL.Caviglia-Harris
DepartmentofEconomicsandFinance
SalisburyUniversity
Salisbury,Maryland218016860
jlcaviglia-harris@salisbury.edu
JELClassification:
Q0,Q1,Q2
SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURALPRACTICESINRONDÔNIA,BRAZIL:
DoLocalFarmerOrganizationsImpactAdoptionRates?
Abstract
Sincethe1960s,migrationtotheBrazilianAmazonhassignificantlyincreasedpopulationanddeforestationlevelsintheregion.Becausesettlersdonottypicallyemployecologicallysoundfarmingmethods,sustainablealternativeshavebeenpromotedbyregional,nationalandinternationalorganizationstoreducedeforestation.ThispapermodelstheadoptionofsustainableagriculturalpracticesbyhouseholdsinOuroPretodoOeste,Rondônia,Brazilusingpaneldatacollectedin1996and2000*,andteststherelationbetweentheuseofsustainablemethodsofagricultureanddeforestation.Theimpactofalocalfarmerorganizationthatpromotestheuseofagroforestry,apiculture,andpiscicultureisalsoinvestigated.Theempiricalresultssuggestthattheadoptionofsustainablepracticesisgreatlyinfluencedbyvariablesthatindicate,orarerelatedto,thedisseminationofinformationsuchasparticipationincooperatives,knowledgeofsustainableagricultureandaccesstomarkets.Inaddition,itisfoundthatfamiliesthathaveaccesstoloansaremorelikelytoadoptsustainablemethodsoffarmingandthattheuseofagroforestry,apiculture,andpisciculturereduceshouseholddeforestationlevels.
*The2000datacollectionwassupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationGrant:
SES-0076549.The1996-1997datacollectionwassupportedbygrantsfromtheNationalSecurityEducationProgram,theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theInstitutefortheStudyofWorldPolitics,andtheMcClureFundFoundation.
SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURALPRACTICESINRONDÔNIA,BRAZIL:
DoLocalFarmerOrganizationsImpactAdoptionRates?
I.Introduction
FortyyearsaftertheintroductionofgovernmentsettlementprogramstotheAmazonbasinofBrazil,thestatesofRondônia,Acre,Pará,andMatoGrossoarenowlargelypopulatedbycolonistfarmersandranchers(Laurenceetal.2001).Thesemigrantsdonottypicallyemployecologicallysoundfarmingandranchingmethodsandasaresult,deforestationhasprogressedatrelativelyhighrates(AlmeidaandUhl1995,MattosandUhl1994,ToniloandUhl1995).Inordertoslowtropicaldeforestation,agroforestry,intercropping,andothersustainablemethodsoffarminghavebeenpromotedbyresearchersasalternativestothepracticesofmigratoryfarmers(MahapatraandMitchell2001,Smithetal.1996,Nair1990).However,theadoptionofthesemethodsbyAmazonianmigrantshasbeenslow.
Theslowrateofadoptionisnotuniquetosustainableagriculturalsystems,butiscommonintheadoptionofnewtechnologiesinthefarmingsectorofdevelopingcountries.Forexample,studiesontheadoptionofsustainablepracticesandadvancedfarmingsystemshavefoundthattheadoptionofthesetechnologieshasrarelymetthepointofrapiddiffusionbecauseofimperfectinformation,capitaland/orincomeconstraints,marketfailures,andotherreasons(CavigliaandKahn2001,CairnesandGarrity1999,Nelsonetal.1995,Holden1993,AdesinaandZinnah1993,Kebedeetal.1990,AkinolaandYoung1985,FederandSlade1984).Evenso,researchersfeelthattheseobstaclescanbeovercomeandthattheadoptionofthesepracticeswillbenefitlocalfarmerssincelong-runincomebenefitshavebeenshowntooutweightheshort-termcostsofadoption,implyingthatadoptionisunlikelytooccuratcurrentdiscountrates(AlmeidaandUhl1995).
Usingdatacollectedin1996and2000,thisstudymodelsthechoicebetweenthetechnologiesofslash-and-burnandalternativeagriculturalpracticeswithfarm-levelsurveydatacollectedinOuroPretodoOeste,Rondônia,Brazilandteststherelationbetweentheuseofsustainableagriculturalsystemsandhouseholddeforestationlevels.Thisstudyisuniqueinthatituseslongitudinal,orpanel,datatoinvestigatedynamichouseholddecisionmaking,land-usechoices,andhowthesehouseholdchoicesareinfluencedbytrendsinagriculturalmarketsandothercommunitylevelchangesovertime.Sincetheadoptionofsustainablemanagementpracticeshasbeenslowinthisregion,empiricalresultsareusedtomakerecommendationsastohowpolicycaninfluencetheadoptionofsustainableagriculturalpracticesandtodetermineifthisagriculturaltechniqueishelpingtoslowdeforestationintheAmazon.
2.StudySite:
OuroPretodoOeste,Rondônia
ThedatausedinthisstudywerecollectedintheOuroPretodoOesteregionofRondônialocatedalongBR-364,themajorhighwayrunningnorth-souththroughthecenterofthestate(Figure1).TheOurodoOesteregioniscomprisedofsixmunicipalities:
OuroPretodoOeste,ValedoParaíso,Urupá,MirantedaSerra,NovaUnião,andTeixeirópolis.Thesemunicipalitiesmakeupaboutsevenpercentofthestate'spopulationandaremostlyrural(Table1).
AmajorityofthedeforestationinRondôniaistheresultofslash-and-burnagricultureinitiatedinthisregionduringthe1960sand1970sthroughthegovernmentsettlementprogram,OperationAmazonia.ThissettlementprogramincludedthecreationoftheCuiabá-PortoVelhointerstatehighway(BR-364)thattravelsthroughtheheartofthestatelinkingRondôniatothesouthern,morepopulated,regionofthecountry.MigrationcontinuedwiththeNorthwestBrazilianIntegratedDevelopmentProgram(POLONOROESTE)intheearly1980s.Thisprogram,fundedbytheWorldBank,wasprimarilyconceivedtopavethenewlycreatedBR-364(Brown2001).Asexpected,migrationtoRondôniacontinuedtoincreasewiththisprojectand,asaresult,therateofdeforestationincreasedfrom65,534km2in1988to79,702km2(or27%ofthestate)by1996(Anderson1993,Goldenberg1992,Diógenes1999).
Basedonpastresults,migrationanddeforestationarelikelytocontinueatrapidrateswiththenewdevelopmentplanAvançaBrasil(AdvanceBrazil).TheplanhasbeenproposedbytheBraziliangovernmenttoadvanceeconomicdevelopmentintheregionthroughinvestmentinnewhighways,railroads,gasandpowerlines,andhydroelectricprojectsandthroughtheupgradingofthecurrentroadnetwork.Laurenceetal.(2001)predictthattheBrazilianAmazonwillbedrasticallyalteredbythisgovernmentplan,especiallyinstatesthatarecurrentlypopulatedbyrelativelylargenumberofmigrants,likeRondônia.Theauthorsbelievethatifviablealternativestothedevelopmentplanareignored,suchasintensiveagriculturaluseofperennialcropsinagroforestryplots,thatcurrentratesofdeforestationmaybesurpassed.
3.SustainableAgriculturalandManagementPracticesintheTropics
CurrentfarmingpracticesofthetypicalcolonistfarmerinOuroPretodoOesteincludethecultivationofmanioc,rice,coffee,cornandbeansusingslash-and-burntechniques,afterlimitedornonexistentfallowperiods(Caviglia1999,Fujisakaetal.1998).Agriculturallandisoftenconvertedtopastureafterthreetofiveyears.Theimplicationsofthisland-usetrendareevidentwhentherecommendedfallowperiodoftenyearsisconsidered(AlmeidaandUhl1995).Sincethisfallowperiodisrarelyfollowed,muchofthelandusedforagricultureandpastureisrenderedagriculturallyuselessaftertenyears.Intheshortrunthisisnotdetrimentaltomanycolonistfarmers.Sincetheyweregivenlotsofupto225hectaresinthe1970sand1980s,theycanmoveontoanotherportionoftheirlandascropsandpasturefail.
Althoughmostfarmerspracticeslash-and-burntechniques,somedopracticemethodsoffarmingmoreconsistentwithtropicalsoillimitationsandindigenouspractices,includingagroforestryandintercropping.Thenatureofagroforestrydiffersbetweentropicalregionsbecauseofsite-specificlandusageandsoillimitations.Evenso,afewgeneralcharacteristicsofagroforestryandintercroppingsystemshavebeendeveloped.Thesecharacteristicsincludethecombinationoftreeswithcropsand/oranimalsonthesameland,theproductionofmultipleoutputswithprotectionofthesoilsandland,theintegrationofindigenousknowledgeandmethods,andastructuralcomplexitymoreadvancedthanmonoculture(Nair1990).Inaddition,naturalprocessessuchasnutrientcycling,nitrogenfixation,soilregenerationandpestcontrolcanbeintegratedintothefarmingsystemwhenagroforestryisemployed(PrettyandHine2000).
Thesustainableactivitiesthatareinvestigatedinthispaperincludeagroforestry,apiculture(theharvestofhoneyonthefarmlot)andpisciculture(raisingoffishonthelot).Theharvestofhoneyandfishareincludedinthisdefinitionbecausetheproductionandtradeofthesecrops(notincludedinanagroforestrysystem)providesanincomesourcethatcansubstituteforincomefromproductslinkedtodeforestation.Inaddition,theseactivitiesarepromotedbytheAssociationofAlternativeProducers(APA)inOuroPretodoOeste,afarmingcooperativefoundedtoeducatefarmersaboutsustainableactivitiesandmarkettheseproducts.Theimpactofthisorganizationontheadoptionoftheseactivitiesandhowthisadoptionrelatedtodeforestationisanimportantaspectofthisanalysis.
Itshouldbenotedthathoneyproductionmaynotalwayspromoteforestconservationsinceafarmermaycompletelydeforesthislotandcontinuetobeasuccessfulhoneycollectorifhisneighborhasasignificantnumberoffloweringtress.Inaddition,Brown(2001)statesthatmanyofthebeesthatinhabittheAmazonhavebeen
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