计算机概念.docx
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计算机概念.docx
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计算机概念
Chapter1
Digitalelectronicsuseelectroniccircuitstorepresentdata
ComputerBasics
Input iswhateveristyped,submitted,ortransmittedtoacomputersystem
Output istheresultproducedbyacomputer
Memoryisanareaofacomputerthattemporarilyholdsdatawaitingtobeprocessed,stored,oroutput
Storageistheareawheredatacanbeleftonapermanentbasiswhenitisnotimmediatelyneededforprocessing
Datareferstothesymbolsthatrepresentfacts,objects,andideas
Afileisanamedcollectionofdatathatexistsonastoragemedium
Theseriesofinstructionsthattellsacomputerhowtocarryoutprocessingtasksisreferredtoasacomputerprogram
PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andSupercomputers
Server:
Itcanrefertocomputerhardware,toaspecifictypeofsoftware,ortoacombinationofhardwareandsoftware.Thepurposeofaserveristoservecomputersonanetworkbysupplyingthemwithdata.
MainframeComputer:
Amainframecomputerisalargeandexpensivecomputercapableofsimultaneouslyprocessingdataforhundredsorthousandsofusers.
Supercomputer:
Itisoneofthefastestcomputersintheworld.
Microcontrollers
Microcontroller:
Amicrocontrollerisaspecial-purposemicroprocessorthatisbuiltintothemachineitcontrols.Sometimescalledacomputer-on-a-chip.
Microprocessor:
Anintegratedcircuit(IC)thatcontainsthecircuitryforprocessingdata.Itisasingle–chipversionofthecentralprocessingunit(CPU)foundinallcomputers.
Chapter2
DesktopandPortableComputers
Adesktopcomputerfitsonadeskandrunsonpowerfromanelectricalwalloutlet
Aportablecomputerisasmall,lightweightpersonalcomputer
Anotebookcomputer(alsoreferredtoasalaptop),isasmall,lightweightportablecomputerthatopenslikeaclamshelltorevealascreenandkeyboard
Atabletcomputerisaportablecomputingdevicefeaturingatouch-sensitivescreenthatcanbeusedasawritingordrawingpad
Anultra-mobilePC(UMPC)isasmallformfactortabletcomputerdesignedtorunmostofthesoftwareavailableforlargerportablecomputers
Ahomecomputersystemoffersahardwareplatformwithadequate,butnotsuper-chargedsupportformostcomputerapplications
Computersmarketedforsmallbusinessapplicationstendtobemiddle-of-the-linemodelspareddowntoessentials–personalcomputervs.businesscomputer
AMediaCenterPCofficiallyusesWindowsMedia
CenterEditionoperatingsystem
Someofthemostcutting-edgecomputersaredesignedforgaming
MicroprocessorBasics
Amicroprocessorisanintegratedcircuitdesignedtoprocessinstructions
CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)
–ALU
–Registers
–Controlunit
–Instructionset
RandomAccessMemory
RandomAccessMemoryisatemporaryholdingareafordata,applicationprograminstructions,andtheoperatingsystem
StorageBasics
Astoragemediumcontainsdata
Astoragedevicerecordsandretrievesdatafromastoragemedium
MagneticDiskandTapeTechnology
AfloppydiskisaroundpieceofflexibleMylarplasticcoveredwithathinlayerofmagneticoxideandsealedinsideaprotectivecasing
Atapedriveisadevicethatreadsdatafromandwritesdatatoalongstreamofrecordablemediasimilartothetapesusedinaudiocassettes
Atapeisasequentialstoragemedium
CDandDVDTechnology
Opticalstoragestoresdataasmicroscopiclightanddarkspotsonthedisksurface
–CDandDVDstoragetechnologies
SolidStateStorage
Solidstatestoragetechnologystoresdatainanerasable,rewritablecircuitry
Cardreadermayberequiredtoreaddataonsolidstatestorage
AU3driveisaspecialtypeofUSBflashdrivethatispreconfiguredtoautoplaywhenitisinsertedintoacomputer
MEMORY
RAM:
RAM(randomaccessmemory)isatemporaryholdingareafordata,applicationprograminstructions,andtheoperatingsystem.
TodifferentiatebetweenRAMandhard-diskstorage,rememberthatRAMholdsdataincircuitrythat’sdirectlyconnectedtothesystemboard,whereashard-diskstorageplacesdataonmagneticmedia.RAMistemporarystorage;hard-diskstorageismorepermanent.Inaddition,RAMusuallyhaslessstoragecapacitythanhard-diskstorage.
ROM:
ROM(read-onlymemory)isatypeofmemorycircuitrythatholdsthecomputer'sstartuproutine.It'spermanentandnon-volatile.
ROMBIOS:
(basicinput/outputsystem)Ittellthecomputerhowtoaccesstheharddiskfindtheoperatingsystem,andloaditintoRAM.
Overclocking:
Overclockingisatechniqueforincreasingthespeedofacomputercomponent,suchasaprocessor,graphicscard,motherboard,ormemory.
DisplayDevices
CRT:
Cathoderaytube.Itusesthesamesortsofgalsstubeasastandardtelevision.
LCD:
liquidcrystaldisplay.Itproducesanimagebymanipulatinglightwithinalayerofliquidcrystalceels.
Plasmascreen:
Createsanon-screenimagebyilluminatingminiaturecoloredfluorescentlightsarrayedinapanel-likescreen.
Graphicscircuitrygeneratesthesignalsfordisplayinganimageonthescreen
–Integratedgraphics
–Graphicscard
Printers
Dotmatrixprintersproducecharactersandgraphicsbyusingagridoffinewires
–Thewiresstrikearibbonandthepaper
Anink-jetprinterhasanozzle-likeprintheadthatspraysinkontopaper
Alaserprinterworkslikeaphotocopier
SurgeProtection
Apowersurgeisasuddenincreaseorspikeinelectricalenergy,affectingthecurrentthatflowsto
electricaloutlets
Chapter3
ApplicationSoftware
Groupware:
ItisdesignedtohelpseveralpeoplecollaborateonasingleprojectusinglocalnetworksorInternetconnections.
Productivitysoftware:
Softwarethathelpspeopleworkmoreefficiently;traditionallywordprocessing,spreadsheet,presentation,e-mail,anddatabasesoftware.
UtilitySoftware
Utilitysoftware(atypeofsystemsoftware)isdesignedtohelpyoumonitorandconfiguresettingsforyourcomputersystemequipment,theoperatingsystem,orapplicationsoftware
Adesktopwidgetisaspecializedutilityprogramthatappearsonacomputer’sscreen-baseddesktop
DeviceDrivers
Devicedriver:
Itissoftwarethathelpsaperipheraldeviceestablishcommunicationwithacomputer
DatabaseSoftware
Databasesoftwarehelpsyoufind,organize,update,andreportinformationstoredinadatabase
SoftwareCopyrightsandLicenses
Acopyrightisaformoflegalprotectionthatgrantstheauthorofanoriginal“work”exclusiverights
–Copyrightnotice
Softwarelicensesdefinethewaysinwhichyoumayuseacomputerprogram
–Single-user
–Site
–Multiple-user
•Concurrent-use
SecuritySoftwareBasics
Securitysoftwareisdesignedtoprotectcomputersfromvariousformsofdestructivesoftwareandunauthorizedintrusions
Thetermsmalicioussoftwareandmalwarerefertoanycomputerprogramdesignedtosurreptitiouslyenteracomputer,gainunauthorizedaccesstodata,ordisruptnormalprocessingoperations
Ablendedthreatdescribesmalwarethatcombinesmorethanonetypeofmaliciousprogram
Thetermrootkitreferstosoftwaretoolsusedtoconcealmalwareandbackdoorsthathavebeeninstalledonavictim’scomputer
Chapter4
Operatingsystem:
Anoperatingsystemisatypeofsystemsoftwarethatactsasthemastercontrollerforactivitiesthattakeplacewithinacomputersystem.
OperatingSystemActivities
Multitaskingprovidesprocessandmemorymanagementservicesthatallowtwoormoretasks,jobs,orprogramstorunsimultaneously
Withinasingleprogram,multithreadingallowsmultipleparts,orthreads,torunsimultaneously
Anoperatingsystem’smultiprocessingcapabilitysupportsadivisionoflaboramongalltheprocessingunits
Managememory
Memoryleak---instructionsanddatafromoneareaofmemoryoverflowintomemoryallocatedtoanotherprogram.
DOSisshortforDiskOperatingSystem
FileNamesandExtensions
Acomputerfileisdefinedasanamedcollectionofdatathatexistsonastoragemedium.
FileDirectoriesandFolders
Adiskpartitionisasectionofaharddiskdrivethatistreatedasaseparatestorageunit
PhysicalFileStorage
Thephysicalstoragemodeldescribeswhathappensonthedisksandinthecircuitswhenfilesarestored
Adiskdriveusuallyworkswithagroupofsectorscalledaclusterorablock
SystemBackup
Afullbackupmakesafreshcopyofeveryfileinthefoldersyou’vespecifiedforthebackup
Adifferentialbackupmakesabackupofonlythosefilesthatwereaddedorchangedsinceyourlastfullbackupsession
Anincrementalbackupmakesabackupofthefilesthatwereaddedorchangedsincethelastbackup—notnecessarilythefilesthatchangedfromthelastfullbackup
Arecoverydiskloadshardwaredriversandusersettingsaswellastheoperatingsystem
–Sometimesincludedwithnewcomputersystems
–TheWindowsXPBackuputilitycreatesasetofAutomated
SystemRecoverydisks
BootandRecoveryDisks
Abootdiskisaremovablestoragemediumcontainingtheoperatingsystemfilesneededtobootyourcomputerwithoutaccessingtheharddisk
–BootsDOS
Exercises1
.ROM什么?
RAM分别是什么?
它们各自有什么特点?
ROM:
ROM(read-onlymemory)isatypeofmemorycircuitrythatholdsthecomputer'sstartuproutine.It'spermanentandnon-volatile.
RAM:
RAM(randomaccessmemory)isatemporaryholdingareafordata,applicationprograminstructions,andtheoperatingsystem.
2.十进制数转换为二进制数的基本方法是什么?
十进制数66转换为二进制数是多少?
大家都会,过程略。
。
。
。
100010
3.编译程序的作用?
Compiler:
Convertsstatementswritteninahigh-levelprogramminglanguageintoobjectcodethattheprocessorcanexecute.
4.什么是微控制器?
它和计算机的区别是什么?
Themicroprocessorisanintegr
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