英国文学课件4(2).ppt
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英国文学课件4(2).ppt
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II.Shakespeare(II)1.ClosereadingofClosereadingofthethe“Tobeornottobe”“Tobeornottobe”soliloquysoliloquy2.Closereadingof“Sonnet18”2.Closereadingof“Sonnet18”1.1Theappreciationof1.1TheappreciationofHamletHamlet(1601)(1601)AboutAboutHamletHamlet-Hamlet-Hamletisatragedy.isatragedy.*tragedy*tragedy-seriousactions-seriousactions-disastrousend-disastrousend-function:
topurifypeoplesemotion-function:
topurifypeoplesemotion-thepeakofShakespeariandramas-anarticleorbookonHamleteverytwelvedaysinEurope-adaptedfromaDenmarkhistoricalstory.-arevengeplayThethemesofThethemesofHamletHamlet:
Itdistinguisheditselffromthetraditionalrevengeplaybyitsnewthemes:
-theimpossibilityofcertainty;-thecomplexityofaction;-themysteryofdeath;-itsexplorationintomansinnerworld,intohumanpsychologythroughaseriesofsoliloquy.Hamletscharacter:
Hamletscharacter:
-amelancholy,hesitant,reasonableandphilosophicalman-agreatmoralizer-aslowavengerofhisfathersdeath1.21.2“Tobe,ornottobe”soliloquy“Tobe,ornottobe”soliloquy-Hamletsdilemma-HamletsdilemmaHamletsstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:
Hamletsstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:
moralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfathersmoralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfathersmurder.murder.EnglishversionEnglishversionseeP.83ofthetextbookseeP.83ofthetextbook(HAMLETcomesonstage.CLAUDIUS,GERTRUDE,POLONIUS,andOPHELIAhavejustscatteredtovarioushidingplacesnearby,likeroacheswhenthekitchenlightcomeson.Hamlet,havinglaidplotsofhisowntoentraptheKing,appearsnottohavenoticedthisandinsteadfocuseshisattentionontheaudience.)生存还是毁灭生存还是毁灭生存还是毁灭,生存还是毁灭,这是一个值得考虑的问题;这是一个值得考虑的问题;默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭,默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭,或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难,或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难,通过斗争把它们扫清,通过斗争把它们扫清,这两种行为,哪一种更高贵?
这两种行为,哪一种更高贵?
/死了;睡着了;死了;睡着了;什么都完了;什么都完了;要是在这一种睡眠之中,我们心头的创痛,要是在这一种睡眠之中,我们心头的创痛,以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击,以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击,都可以从此消失,都可以从此消失,那正是我们求之不得的结局。
那正是我们求之不得的结局。
/死了;睡着了;死了;睡着了;睡着了也许还会做梦;睡着了也许还会做梦;嗯,阻碍就在这儿:
嗯,阻碍就在这儿:
因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后,因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后,在那死的睡眠里,究竟将要做些什么梦,在那死的睡眠里,究竟将要做些什么梦,那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。
那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。
/人们甘心久困于患难之中,人们甘心久困于患难之中,也就是为了这个缘故;也就是为了这个缘故;谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视,官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视,要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子,就可以清算他自己的一生?
要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子,就可以清算他自己的一生?
/谁愿意负着这样的重担,谁愿意负着这样的重担,在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗,在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗,倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后,倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后,惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国,惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国,是它迷惑了我们的意志,使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折,是它迷惑了我们的意志,使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折,不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去?
不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去?
/这样,重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫,这样,重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫,决心的赤热的光彩,决心的赤热的光彩,被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色,被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色,伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下,伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下,也会逆流而退,也会逆流而退,失去了行动的意义。
失去了行动的意义。
(朱生豪译朱生豪译)NotesNotes1coil:
turmoil,confusion(mortalcoil=1coil:
turmoil,confusion(mortalcoil=troublesomelife)troublesomelife)2oppressorswrong:
oppressorsinjustice2oppressorswrong:
oppressorsinjustice3contumely:
taunts,contemptuoustreatment3contumely:
taunts,contemptuoustreatment4despised:
4despised:
toregardwithcontemptorscorn5quietus:
Afinalaccount,orsettlement5quietus:
Afinalaccount,orsettlement6bodkin:
Asharpinstrumenttomakeholeswith6bodkin:
Asharpinstrumenttomakeholeswith77fardelsfardels:
Abackpack,abundle:
Abackpack,abundle8bourn:
boundary.8bourn:
boundary.IsthereanymeaningofmansexistenceIsthereanymeaningofmansexistenceafterdeath?
afterdeath?
AseeminglymeaninglessquestionfromChinesepointofview;Confuciusstressonthislife,noconsiderationfortheafter-life,optimisticapermanentthemeinWesternculture;Christianityoriginalsin;thepessimismrareintheRenaissance(optimisticofmansability)butprevailinthe20thcentury,themodernityofHamlet,aheadofhistime.writingskills:
writingskills:
*inversion*parallelism*repetition*rhymethematicanalysis:
thematicanalysis:
-HamletreflectsShakespeareshumanistspirit-Hamletspersonalityofhesitationcauseshistragedy*SoliloquySoliloquyaspeechaspeech,oftenofsomelength,inwhichacharacter,aloneonthestage,expresseshisthoughtsandfeelings.Inclassicaldramathesoliloquyisrare,buttheplaywrightsofElizabethanandJacobeanperiod(英王詹姆斯一世统治的或该时代的)useditextensivelyandwithgreatskill.ThesoliloquysadvantagesareinestimableThesoliloquysadvantagesareinestimablebecauseitenablesadramatisttoconveybecauseitenablesadramatisttoconveydirectlytoaudienceimportantinformationdirectlytoaudienceimportantinformationaboutaparticularcharacter:
hisstateofmindaboutaparticularcharacter:
hisstateofmindandheart,hismostintimatethoughtsandandheart,hismostintimatethoughtsandfeelings,hismotivesandintentions.feelings,hismotivesandintentions.2.Appreciationof“Sonnet18”2.Appreciationof“Sonnet18”2.1Sonnet2.1SonnetSonnetsarefourteenlinesofiambicSonnetsarefourteenlinesofiambicpentameter,rhyminginanumberofdifferentpentameter,rhyminginanumberofdifferentpatternsclassifiedasEnglish(sometimescalledpatternsclassifiedasEnglish(sometimescalledShakespearian),Italian(sometimescalledShakespearian),Italian(sometimescalledPetrarchanPetrarchan),andSpenserian.),andSpenserian.SonnetswereoriginallycreatedinItalyintheSonnetswereoriginallycreatedinItalyinthe1200sbythepoet1200sbythepoetGiacomoGiacomodedeLentinoLentino;in;inEnglishpoetry,however,thepoetPetrarch(Englishpoetry,however,thepoetPetrarch(彼彼特拉克特拉克,1304-1374,1304-1374,意大利诗人意大利诗人,学者、欧洲人学者、欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表文主义运动的主要代表),whowrotescoresof),whowrotescoresofsonnetstoawomannamedLaura,wasfarsonnetstoawomannamedLaura,wasfarmoreinfluential.moreinfluential.PatrachanPatrachansonnet(Italiansonnet):
sonnet(Italiansonnet):
abbaabbaabbaabbacdecdecdecde(cdcdcdcdcdcd;cdeedccdeedc)Spenseriansonnet:
Spenseriansonnet:
abbaabbabcbcbcbccdcdcdcdeeeeShakespeariansonnet:
Shakespeariansonnet:
ababababcdcdcdcdefefefefggggTheform:
Theform:
Threequatrainsplusaheroiccouplet:
Threequatrainsplusaheroiccouplet:
ababababcdcdcdcdefefefefgggg4+4+4+24+4+4+2起起承承转转合合*Quatrain:
Astanzaorpoemoffourlines.Quatrain:
Astanzaorpoemoffourlines.(四行诗:
四行的诗节或诗歌四行诗:
四行的诗节或诗歌)*Shakesperareansonnet*ShakesperareanShakesperareansonnetsonnetThedivisions:
Sonnets1-126,whichdealwithayoung,unnamedlord,thefairyouthofthesonnetsSonnets127-152,whichdealwiththepoetsrelationshiptoamysteriousmistress,thedarkladyofthesonnetsSonnets153-154,whichseemtobepoeticexercisesdedicatedtoCupidThethemes:
-love,-beauty,-mortality,-theeffectsoftime.*Shakesperareansonnet2.2Sonnet182.2Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?
ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?
*ShakespeareSonnet18.MP3thefirststanzatopresentaquestion;arhetoricalquestion,theimpliedanswerisNo1.ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?
WhatifIweretocomparethee?
thou-youthy-yourthine-yourusedbeforevowels2.Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:
art-are;temperate-amiable,agreeable,gentle3.RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,darlingbudsofMay-thebeautiful,muchlovedbudsoftheearlysummer;4.Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:
lease:
duration.Thesummeristooshort;hath-hasthesecondstanzatoexpandthequestion5.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Sometime=onoccasion,sometimes;thesun6.Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd;(Personified)hisgoldcomplexion=his(thesuns)goldenface.Itwouldbedimmedbycloudsandonovercastdaysgenerally.7.Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,n.aprettylady;Allbeautifulthings(everyfair)herfairface;previousstateofbeauty(fromfair).Theyalldeclinefromperfection.8.Bychanceornatureschangingcourseuntrimmd;reversed:
untrimmedbynaturallawuncontrolledthethirdstanzafurtherexplanation9.Butthyeternalsummershallnotfadesummer:
beauty(metonymy)10.Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest;owest:
own11.NorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,darlingbudsofMay:
thebeautiful,muchlovedbudsoftheearlysummer;12.Whenineternallinestotimethougrowest:
eternallines:
myversethecoupletconclusion,usuallyanepigramwithunexpectedeffect,toenhancethetheme13.Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,14.Solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.theselinesThethemes:
Whatdoestheauthortrytopraisebythissonnet?
-immortalityofthebeautyofhisfriend-immortalityofpoetryasanartIambicpentameterIambicpentameterIambicpentameteritselfisarhythmicalpatternIambicpentameteritselfisarhythmicalpatternofsyllables.ofsyllables.TheiambicpartmeansthattherhythmgoesTheiambicpartmeansthattherhythmgoesfromanunstressedsyllabletoastressedone,asfromanunstressedsyllabletoastressedone,ashappensinwordslikedivine,bizarre,andhappensinwordslikedivine,bizarre,anddelight.Itsoundssortoflikeaheartbeat:
delight.Itsoundssortoflikeaheartbeat:
daDUMdaDUM,daDUMdaDUM,daDUMdaDUM.EachiambicunitiscalledafootEachiambicunitiscalledafootThepentameterpartmeansthatthisiambicThepentameterpartmeansthatthisiambicrhythmisrepeatedfivetimes,orhasfivefeet:
rhythmisrepeatedfivetimes,orhasfivefeet:
daDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMdadaDUMda.*2ndpersonpronouns:
2ndpersonpronouns:
1.1.singlarsinglarform:
form:
Thou-you(subject)Thou-you(subject)Thee-you(object)Thee-you(object)Thy-yourThy-yourThineThine-yourusedbeforevowels-yourusedbeforevowels2.pluralform:
2.pluralform:
Ye-youYe-youYou-youYou-youYour-yourYour-yourYours-yoursYours-yours
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