国际法教程(英文)南洋理工大学RSIS国际关系学院(6共10).ppt
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国际法教程(英文)南洋理工大学RSIS国际关系学院(6共10).ppt
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Jurisdiction&Sovereignty,Jurisdiction-powerorauthorityoverapersonorthing.Sovereignty-Ultimatejurisdictionoverallpersonsorthingswithinandwithoutastatesterritory,Jurisdiction-GeneralPrinciples,Shaw:
powerofthestatetoaffectpeople,propertyandcircumstancesKeyfeatureofthedoctrineofsovereignty,JurisdictionGeneralPrinciples,RoleofinternationallawistolimitexerciseofgovernmentpowerLotusCase(1927)Statemayhaveextra-territorialjurisdictionprovideditisnotprohibitedbyruleofinternationallaw(Prescription)Generally,statemaynotexercisejurisdictionintheterritoryofanotherstate(Enforcement),DomesticJurisdiction,LegislativejurisdictionExecutivejurisdictionJudicialjurisdiction,Stateshaveabsolute&exclusivejurisdictionofenforcementwithintheirownterritories,Civil&CriminalJurisdiction,CivilJurisdiction-SupremeCourtofJudicatureAct&SubordinateCourtsActCriminalJurisdiction(HarvardDraft1935)TerritorialPrincipleNationalityPrinciplePassivePersonalityPrincipleProtectivePrincipleUniversalityPrinciple,TerritorialityPrinciple,StatesrighttoprosecuteforallcrimescommittedwithinitsterritoryLotusCase,1927ObjectiveTerritoriality-JurisdictionoveroffencescompletedinitsterritoryevenifforeignelementinvolvedSubjectiveTerritoriality-Jurisdictionoveralloffencesandmatterscommencinginitsterritoryevenifsomeelementtakesplaceinanotherstate.Extra-TerritorialJurisdiction-Jurisdictionoveractstakingplaceabroad.,NationalityPrinciple,NationalityconfersrightsandbenefitsonindividualsPrinciplegivesstatesrighttoexercisejurisdictionoveritsnationalsDiplomaticprotectionRulesonacquisitionanddeprivationofnationalitybasedondomesticlaw,PassivePersonalityPrinciple,JurisdictiontotryindividualforoffencescommittedabroadbuthavingeffectonnationalsofthestateCuttingcase,1886-AKCutting,USpublisherofElPasoSundayHeraldarrestedandimprisonedMexicoforlibel-nojurisdictionagainstAmericanUSvYunis(1988)-LebanesecitizenarrestedininternationalwatersforallegedhijackingofJordanianairliner-onlyconnectionwaspresenceofUScitizensinplaneControversialaspectofjurisdiction,ProtectivePrinciple,Jurisdictionoveralienswhohavecommittedanactabroadwhichisdeemedprejudicialtothesecurityofthestateconcerned.Justification-statesvitalinterestsDPPvJoyce(1946)-LordHawHawcase-WilliamJoyce,Britishnational,treasoncommittedinGermanyControversialaspectofjurisdictionbutclaimedbymanystatesinpracticeEnlargedtoEffectsDoctrine,UniversalityPrinciple,Everystatehasjurisdictiontotryparticularoffences:
Piracy-Piracyjuregentium(bythelawofnations)-Art101UNCLOS1982-illegalactsofviolence,detentionordepredationcommittedforprivateendsbycreworpassengersofaprivateshiporprivateaircraftanddirectedagainstanothershiporaircraft-RePiracyJureGentium1934WarCrimes&CrimesAgainstHumanity-AGofIsraelvEichmann1961-whetherIsraelicourthadjurisdictiontotryEichmannCaseConcerningArrestWarrantof11September2000-BelgianwarrantforarrestofAbdoulyeNdombasi-ForeignMinisterofCongo-whetherBelgiumhaduniversaljurisdiction,JurisdictionOverIllegallyApprehendedIndividuals,AGofIsraelvEichmann(1961)-IsraelapologisedbutstillexercisedjurisdictionRvHorseferryMagistratesCourt,exparteBennett(1993)-NewZealandnationalarrestedinSouthAfricaandforciblybroughttoUKside-steppingextraditionlaw-UKcourtsdeclinedtoexercisejurisdictionStatevEbrahim1991-EscapedANCmemberabductedbySouthAfricanagentsfromSwaziland-SouthAfricancourtsdeclinedtoexercisejurisdictionLegalRoute-Extradition-Practicebasedoncomityandreciprocityamongstates-enablesonestatetohadnoversuspectstoanotherstate.,Extra-TerritorialJurisdiction,Practicedbymanystatesbyenactinglegislationhavingextra-territorialreach.Lawsextendtostatesubjectsoverseas-UnitedStatesleadingexponentofthispractice-Helms-BurtonAct&DAmatoActHelms-Burton:
CubanLibertyandDemocraticSolidarityActof1996-Cubanembargo-widelycondemnedDAmatoAct-Iran&LibyaSanctionsAct1996Singapore-numerouspiecesoflegislation,SovereigntyOverTerritory,TerritorialSovereigntyNewStatesAcquisitionofAdditionalTerritoryBoundaryTreatiesAccretionCessionConquest&UseofForceExerciseofEffectiveControlUtiPossidetisSovereignActivities(Effectivits),TerritorialSovereignty,Essenceofterritorialsovereigntycontainedinnotionoftitle-legalandfactualconditionsunderwhichterritoryisdeemedtobelongtoaparticularauthority.DisputesoverTerritory:
Statusofcountry-egArabclaimsagainstIsrael;MoroccoagainstMauritaniaBorderdisputeTerraNulliusResCommunis-eghighseas,Antarctica,NewStates,Usuallycomeintobeingbytwomeans:
Constitutionaldevolution-egsecessionordecolonizationUseofforce-revolution,secessionExistenceofnewstatesusuallydeterminedbyrecognitionPrincipleofself-determination,AcquisitionofNewTerritory,Occupationofterranullius(Discovery)PrescriptionCessionAccretionConquest,Occupation&Prescription,Occupation-TerraNulliusPrescription-occupationofterritorybelongingtoanotherstate.Keypoint-whetherthereiseffectiveexerciseofstatefunctionswithoutobjectionIslandofPalmascase1928-ArbitratorMaxHuber:
sovereigntyimpliedindependence,iepowertoexercisefunctionsofastateinadefinedterritory.DidNetherlandsexercisesuchfunctionsatthecriticaldate.,ExerciseofEffectiveControl,RequirementsApparentdisplayofsovereignty-mustbespecificandapplytoterritoryinquestionIntentiontoacquiresovereignty-mustbeaccompaniedbyanimusorintentiontoactassovereignContinuousDisplay-mustbeongoing;notdeterminedbysingleact.CriticalDate-DisplayofsovereigntymustexistuptocriticaldateofassessmentPeacefulDisplay-cannotbechallengedbyotherstatesIntertemporalLaw-lawtobeappliedtodisputeisthelawinexistenceattimethedisputeistobesettled-thecriticaldate,Cession&Accretion,Cession-peacefultransferofterritoryfromonesovereigntoanother-usuallybytreaty-egHongkong,SingaporeAccretion-Geographicalprocessbywhichnewlandisfomredandbecomesattachedtoexistingland-egenlargeddelta,changeinriverboundary.Avulsion-Suddenincreaseinterritory-egnewislandasaresultofvolcanicactivity,Conquest&UseofForce,CanberesultoflegalorillegaluseofforceSincecreationofUNin1945-nolongerlegal-Article2(4),UNCharter-refrainfromuseofforceUNSecurityCouncilResolution662(1990)-declaredthatIraqaannexationofKuwaitunderanyformandwhateverpretexthasnolegalvalidityandisconsiderednullandvoid,OtherFactors,UtiPossidetis-Frontiersofnewly-independentstatesfollowfrontiersofoldcolonialterritories-BurkinaFasovMali1986EffectivitsorSovereignActivitiesClippertonIslandArbitration1932-FrancevMexico-uninhabitedisland-actualandnotnominaltakingofpossessionisnecessaryconditionofoccupation,CommonHeritageofMankind,1970-UNGA-DeclarationonPrinciplesGoverningSeabedandOceanFloor1979MoonTreaty1959-AntarcticTreaty-demilitarisedtheareaandsuspendedallterritorialclaimsfordurationoftreaty-signedby48parties1962-UNGA-DeclarationofLegalPrinciplesgoverningtheActicitiesofStatesintheExplorationandUseofOuterSpace,Airspace&Aircraft,ExclusivejurisdictionoverairspaceimmediatelyaboveitsterritoryChicagoConventiononInternationalCivilAviation1947,
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- 国际法 教程 英文 南洋 理工大学 RSIS 国际关系 学院 10