医学英语课件cells.ppt
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医学英语课件cells.ppt
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Whatarealllivingorganismsmadeof?
CELLS,CYTOLOGY,Celltheory:
cellsarethebasicunitofstructureineverylivingthing.advancesinmicroscopyoneofthefoundationsofbiologyThetheorysaysthatnewcellsareformedfromotherexistingcells,andthatthecellisafundamentalunitofstructure,functionandorganizationinalllivingorganisms.,Whatiscytology?
Creditfordevelopingcelltheoryisusuallygiventothreescientists:
1.Schwanncells(SCs):
雪旺细胞(Schwanncells,SCs)是形成周围神经髓鞘的胶质细胞,1839年德国科学家西奥多施沃恩最先描述。
2.MatthiasJakobSchleiden:
马蒂亚斯许莱登(5April180423June1881)wasaGermanbotanistandco-founderofthecelltheory,alongwithTheodorSchwannandRudolfVirchow.,Germancellbiologistandphysiologist.SchwannstudiedmedicineattheUniversityofBerlinanddiscoveredinthegastricjuicepepsin,adigestiveenzymeforprotein.Itwasthefirstenzymethatcouldbepresentedfromananimaltissue.,TheodorSchwann(西奥多.施万),MatthiasJakob马蒂亚斯.雅各布.许莱登18041881,MatthiasJakobSchleidenBorninHamburg,SchleidenwaseducatedatHeidelberg,thenpracticedlawinHamburg,butsoondevelopedhisloveforthebotany(植物学)intoafull-timepursuit.Hein1838,studiedplanttissuesandstatedthatallplantsareaggregatesofindividualcellswhicharefullyindependent.Thushemadethefirststatementofcelltheory.,AGermandoctor,pathologist,biologistandpolitician,knownforhisadvancementofpublichealth.Referredtoasthefatherofmodernpathology,heisconsideredoneofthefoundersofsocialmedicine.,Virchowiscreditedwithmultipleimportantdiscoveries.Virchowsmostwidelyknownscientificcontributionishiscelltheory,whichbuiltontheworkofTheodorSchwann.Heiscitedasthefirsttorecognizeleukemiacells.,RudolphVirchow鲁道夫.魏尔肖(18211902),UnitOne:
Cytology,Cytologystudiesthestructureoffunctionofcells.Celltheory:
1.Allknownlivingthingsaremadeupofoneormorecells.2.Alllivingcellsarisefrompre-existingcellsbydivision.3.Thecellisthefundamentalunitofstructureandfunctioninalllivingorganisms.4.Theactivityofanorganismdependsonthetotalactivityofindependentcells.,5.Energyflow(metabolismandbiochemistry)occurswithincells.6.Cellscontainhereditaryinformation(DNA)whichispassedfromcelltocellduringcelldivision.7.Allcellsarebasicallythesameinchemicalcompositioninorganismsofsimilarspecies.,multicellular,multi-:
morethanone;many多,多数(prefixtoformn.andadj.),multicultural,multimedia,multinational,multicell,multicellular,multicellularity,?
multi-storeycarpark,amoeba,n.变形虫,阿米巴(usu.usedasprefix),amoeb-(BrE.),ameb-(AmE.),amebiform,amebocyte,micron,micro-:
microorganism,microscope,microcirculation,microfracture,microphone,microwave,microclimate,micron,macro-:
macrobacterium,macrobiosis,macrophage,ovum,n.femaleeggcell卵子,ova,ovulatev.排卵,ovulatorya.排卵的,ovaryn.卵巢,cytoplasm,n.theprotoplasmofacellexcludingthenucleus细胞质;胞质,胞浆,cyto-细胞,-cyte细胞,cytobiology,cytodifferentiation,cytogenetics,cytolysosome,plasma(also“plasm”)n.血浆,clearcytoplasm透明细胞质basiccytoplasm细胞质基质,phospholipid,n.磷脂,phosphaten.磷酸盐,磷肥,lipid,animportantconstituentofmembranes,phosphorusn.磷,cholesterol,n.胆固醇,chole-pref.胆,胆汁,cholecyst胆囊cholebilirubin胆玉红素,直应胆红素,steroide甾族化合物sterone甾酮,固酮steroidogenesis类固醇生成,-steroln.-甾醇固醇,oligosaccharide,n.低聚糖,寡糖,oligo-少,小,缺;低于正常,oligoamniosn.羊水过少,oligodynamic,sacchar-糖,sacchariden.糖类polysacchariden.多糖disacchariden.二糖monosacchariden.单糖,chromosome,n.athreadlikebodyinthecellnucleusthatcarriesthegenesinalinearorder染色体,chromo-色,chromogenica.显色的,chromosomeaberration染色体畸变,chromosomearm/number/band,chromotinn.染色质,Chromosomesalsodeterminethesexofanimals.,endoplasmicreticulum,n.内质网,endo-内,endocardiala.心内(膜)的,endocellulara.细胞内的,endochromen.胞内染色质,extra-外,endocrinea.内分泌的,mitochondria,n.线粒体,mito-线,丝,mitosisn.有丝分裂,mitochromen.线色素,mitochondrion,aerobic,a.dependingonfreeoxygenorair需氧生活的,aero-n.氧,空气,aerodynamica.空气动力的,aerobicexercise,aerospacen.航空航天工业,aerobics,aerobicbacteria,lysosome,n.溶酶体,lys(o)-溶解,溶化,lysophosphalipidn.溶血磷脂,lysogenesisn.溶源性,engulf,v.flowoverorcovercompletely吞没,吞噬;engross(oneself)fully沉浸其中,Thelittleboatwasengulfedbythewaves.,Heengulfedhimselfintohisstudies.,uterus,n.womb子宫,uterectomyn.子宫切除术,uteralgian.子宫痛,uter-子宫,anultrasoundscanoftheuterus,osmosis,n.渗透作用,osmosev.渗透,osmosologyn.渗透学,osmoticdiarrhea,osmoticshock,osmoticpressure,osmo-n.气体;渗透,osmotherapyn.渗透疗法,osmotica.渗透的,filtration,n.theprocessoffilteringaliquidorgas过滤,滤液,Alldrinkingwatermustbefiltered.,filter:
v.过滤filtratev.过滤,筛选,UseasunblockthatfiltersUVAeffectively.,filtertip,phagocytosis,n.嗜菌作用,phagocytablea.可被吞噬的,phagocyten.吞噬细胞,phago-吞噬,pinocytosis,n.胞饮作用,pinocytea.胞饮细胞,pinosomen.胞饮泡,吸液小体,pino-胞饮,evaporate,v.loseorcausetoloseliquidbyvaporization(使)蒸发,消失;(逐渐)消失,衰减,Thewatersoonevaporatedinthesunshine.,Hisconfidencehadnowcompletelyevaporated.,evaporation,collide,v.crashtogetherwithviolentimpact碰撞,冲突;,Theshipscollidedinthefog.,Theinterestsofthetwocountriescollide.,collision,equilibrium,n.astablesituation平衡,均衡;平静,equidistanta.等距的,equilaterala.等边的,equi-:
equal,Anydisturbancetothebodysstateofequilibriumcanproducestress.,Hesatdowntotryandrecoverhisequilibrium.,spontaneous,a.happeningorarisingwithoutapparentexternalcause自发的,本能的,自然的,aspontaneousofferofhelp,aspontaneousabortion,ataperecordingofspontaneousspeech,GeneralIntroduction,CellStructure,CellularTransportMechanisms,CellStructureandCellularTransportMechanism,CellMembrane,Nucleus,CytoplasmandCellOrganelles,Diffusion,Osmosis,FacilitatedDiffusion,ActiveTransport,Filtration,PhagocytosisPinocytosis,Cells,Alllivingorganismsaremadeofcellsandcellproducts.Thissimplestatement,calledtheCellTheory,wasfirstproposedover150yearsago.Youmaythinkofatheoryasaguessorhypothesis,andsometimesthisisso.Butatheoryisactuallythebestexplanationofalltheavailableevidence.AlloftheevidencesciencehasgatheredsofarsupportsthevalidityoftheCellTheory.,hyper-hypotensionhypocritical,Cells-GeneralIntroduction,CellTheory,Hypothesis150yearsago,validity,Cellsarethesmallestlivingsubunitsofamulticellularorganismsuchasahumanbeing.Acellisacomplexarrangementofthechemicals;isliving;andcarriesoutspecificactivities.Microorganisms,suchasamoebasandbacteria,aresinglecellswhichfunctionindependently.Humancells,however,mustworktogether,andfunctioninterdependently.Homeostasisdependsuponthecontributionsofallofthedifferentkindsofcells.,sub-zerotemperatures,subtropicalclimate,subway,subtitle,Independently:
ononesownInterdependently:
mutuallyHomeostasis:
processbywhichthefunctionsandchemistryofacellarekeptstable.,Cells-GeneralIntroduction,Cellsarethesmallestlivingsubunits,Humancellsvaryinsize,shape,andfunction.Mosthumancellsaresosmalltheycanonlybeseenwiththeaidofamicroscope,andaremeasuredinunitscalledmicrons.Oneexceptionisthehumanovumoreggcell,whichisaboutonemillimeterindiameter,justvisibletotheunaidedeye.Somenervecells,althoughmicroscopicindiameter,maybequitelong.Thoseinourarmsandlegs,forexample,areatleasttwofeetlong.,centimeter厘米decimeter分米,Cells-GeneralIntroduction,Humancellsvaryinsize,shape,andfunction.,microns,Cells-GeneralIntroduction,Humancellsvaryinsize,shape,andfunction.,ovumeggcell,Withrespecttoshape,humancellsvarygreatly.Someareroundorspherical,othersrectangular,stillothersirregular.Whitebloodcellsevenchangeshapeastheymove.,Asfor/inrespectof/Inviewof,leukocyte,erythrocyte,CellStructureDespitetheirmanydifferences,humancellshaveseveralsimilarstructuralfeatures:
acellmembrane,cytoplasmandcellorganelles,andanucleus.Redbloodcellsareanexceptionsincetheyhavenonucleiwhenmature.Thecellmembraneformstheouterboundaryofthecell,andsurroundsthecytoplasm,organelles,andnucleus.,WBC,erythrocytes,leucocytes,RBC,WBC,WBC,CellMembraneAlsocalledtheplasmamembrane,thecellmembraneismadeofphospholipids,cholesterol,andproteins.Thephospholipidspermitlipid-solublematerialstoeasilyenterorleavethecellbydiffusionthroughthecellmembrane.Cholesterolprovidesgreaterstabilitytothemembrane.,compoundwithfattyacids(磷脂),Fattysubstancefoundinfatsandoil,producedbytheliver,Theproteinshaveseveralfunctions:
someformporesoropeningstopermitpassageofmaterials;othersareenzymesthatalsohelpsubstancesenterthecell.Stillotherproteins,witholigosaccharides(低聚糖,寡糖)ontheiroutersurface,areantigens,markersthatidentifythecellsofanindividualas“self”.,few/little,sugar,oliguriatrigeminalnerve,tetracylinepentagon,Andyetanothergroupofproteinsservesasreceptorsitesforhormones.Manyhormonesbringabouttheirspecificeffectsbyfirstbonding(linking)toaparticularreceptoronthecellmembrane.Thisbondingthentriggers(stimulates/induces)chemicalreactionswithinthecellmembraneortheinteriorofthecell.,exterior,anterior,posterior,superior,inferior,ProteinsinCellMembrane,Althoughthecellmembraneistheouterboundaryofthecell,itshouldalreadybeapparenttoyouthatitisnotastatic(motionless)orwall-likeboundary,butratheranactive,dynamicone.Thecellmembraneisselectivelypermeable,thatiscertainsubstancesarepermittedtopassthroughandothersarenot.,Bychoice,impermeable,permeate,NucleusWiththeexceptionofmatureredbloodcells,allhumancellshaveanucleus.Thenucleusfloatsinthecytoplasm,andisboundedbyadouble-layerednuclearmembranewithmanypores.,walledoff,erythrocyte,leukocyte,drifts,Anucleolus(核仁)isasmallspheremadeofDNA,RNA,andprotein.ThenucleoliformatypeofRNAcalledribosomalRNA,whichbecomespartofri
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