美国文学-Hawthorne.ppt
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美国文学-Hawthorne.ppt
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NathanielHawthorne,TheScarletLetter,NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864),NovelistShortStoryWriterCentralFigureofAmericanRenaissance,NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864),LifeStoryLiteraryCharacteristicsTheScarletLetter,LifeStory,ChildhoodEducationCareer,Childhood,Birth:
Salem,Massachusetts;July4,1804Prominentancestors:
colonialmagistrate(Quakers)judge(SalemWitchcraftTrialin1692)father:
seacaptaindyingin1808Leadingasecludedlife,Quakers,OneofareligioussectfoundedbyGeorgeFoxwhoseteachingwasprimarilyapreachingofrepentanceThetremblingamongthelisteningcrowdcausedorconfirmedthenameofQuakersgiventothebodyMenandwomensometimesfelldownandlaystrugglingasifforlifeEncyclopediaBritannica,TheSalemWitchcraftTrials,Time:
May-Octoberof1692OneofthedarkesttimesinAmericanhistoryofreligioustoleranceAmongthelastoutbreaksofthepersecutionofaccusedwitchesReasons:
anongoingfrontierwar,economicconditions,congregationalstrife,teenageboredom,andpersonaljealousies,TrialofanaccusedwitchinSalem,ExaminationofSarahGoodbyJudgesHathorneandCorwin,Whatevilspirithaveyoufamiliaritywith?
None.Haveyoumadenocontractwiththedevil?
No.Whydoyouhurtthesechildren?
Idonothurtthem.Iscornit.Whodoyouimploythentodoit?
Iimploynobody.Whatcreaturedoyouimploythen?
Nocreature.Iamfalselyaccused.,Education,BowdoinCollege(1821-1825)Friends:
H.W.Longfellow&FranklinPierceGraduating18thof38students,Career,1825-1827:
Salem(readingandwriting)1839-1840:
BostonCustomsHouse1842:
gettingmarriedandlivingattheOldManse1846-1849:
SalemCustomsHouseBuying“Wayside”1853-1857:
UnitedStatesConsulatLiverpool1857-59:
RomeandFlorence1860:
returningtoAmerica1864:
death,SophiaPeabody,“Iamalwayssodazzledandbewilderedwiththerichness,thedepth,thejewelsofbeautyinhisproductionsthatIamalwayslookingforwardtoasecondreadingwhereIcanponderandmuseandfullytakeinthemiraculouswealthofthoughts”,LiteraryCharacteristics,MajorWorksBlackVisionAestheticsStyle,LiteraryCareer,1828:
Fanshawe1832:
MyKinsman,MajorMolineux“1837:
Twice-ToldTales1846:
MossesfromanOldManse1850:
TheScarletLetter1851:
TheHouseoftheSevenGables1852:
TheBlithedaleRomance1852:
TheLifeofFranklinPierce1860:
TheMarbleFaun1863:
OurOldHome,BlackVision,EvilexistsinthehumanheartEveryonepossessessomeevilsecretEveryoneseemstocoveruphisinnerostevilEvilseemstobemansbirthmarkSinwilleventuallygetpunishedEvileducatesOverweeningintellectsourceofevil,TheHouseofSevenGables,“Manywriterslayverygreatstressuponsomedefinitemoralpurpose,atwhichtheyprofesstoaimtheirworks.Nottobedeficientinthisparticular,theauthorhasprovidedhimselfwithamoral,-thetruth,namely,thatthewrong-doingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones”,Aesthetics,TheMarbleFaun;TheScarletLetter;TheHouseofSevenGablesPovertyofMaterialsInterestinhistoryandantiquityRomance,Sources,“thereisnoshadow,noantiquity,nomystery,nopicturesqueandgloomywrong,noranythingbutacommonplaceprosperity,inbroadandsimpledaylight”“thegenialatmospherewhichaliterarymanrequiresinordertoripenthebestharvestofhismind”,Interestinhistoryandantiquity,“torecallwhatwasvaluableinthepast”“connectabygonetimewiththeveryPresent”“anewterritory,somewherebetweentherealworldandfairy-landwheretheActualandtheImaginarymaymeet,andeachimbueitselfwiththenatureoftheother”,Romance,PredestinedformofAmericannarrative“Povertyofmaterials”PuritanprudenceTreatingphysicalpassionsobliquelyAvoidingviolatingthehumanheartTellingthetruthandsatirizingandyetnotoffending,Style,RomancefictionLongvisualdescriptionsFormaldialogues(humanemotion)CharactersinnerstruggleSymbolismandallegoryFlowingandalmostfeminineAmbiguity,TheScarletLetter,SummaryMajorThemesFeatures,Summary,Hesterisbeingledtothescaffold,wheresheistobepubliclyshamedforhavingcommittedadultery.HesterisforcedtoweartheletterAonhergownatalltimes.ShehasstitchedalargescarletAontoherdresswithgoldthread,givingtheletteranairofelegance.HestercarriesPearl,herdaughter,withher.OnthescaffoldsheisaskedtorevealthenameofPearlsfather,butsherefuses.InthecrowdHesterrecognizesherhusbandfromAmsterdam,RogerChillingworth.ChillingworthvisitsHesteraftersheisreturnedtotheprison.Hetellsherthathewillfindoutwhothemanwas,andhewillreadthetruthonthemansheart.Chillingworththenforceshertopromisenevertorevealhistrueidentityashercuckoldedhusband.Hestermovesintoacottageborderingthewoods.SheandPearllivethereinrelativesolitude.Hesterearnshermoneybydoingstitchworkforlocaldignitaries,butsheoftenspendshertimehelpingthepoorandsick.Pearlgrowsuptobewild,evenrefusingtoobeyhermother.,Summary,RogerChillingworthearnsareputationasagoodphysician.HeuseshisreputationtogettransferredintothesamehomeasArthurDimmesdale,anailingminister.ChillingwortheventuallydiscoversthatDimmesdaleisthetruefatherofPearl,atwhichpointhespendseverymomenttryingtotormenttheminister.OnenightDimmesdaleissoovercomewithshameabouthidinghissecretthathewalkstothescaffoldwhereHesterwaspubliclyhumiliated.Hestandsonthescaffoldandimaginesthewholetownwatchinghimwithaletteremblazonedonhischest.Whilestandingthere,HesterandPearlarrive.Heasksthemtostandwithhim,whichtheydo.Pearlthenaskshimtostandwithherthenextdayatnoon.Whenameteorilluminatesthethreepeoplestandingonthescaffold,theyseeRogerChillingworthwatchingthem.DimmesdaletellsHesterthatheisterrifiedofChillingworth,whoofferstotakeDimmesdalehome.HesterrealizesthatChillingworthisslowlykillingDimmesdaleandthatshehastohelpDimmesdale.,Summary,Afewweekslater,HesterseesChillingworthpickingherbsinthewoods.ShetellshimthatsheisgoingtorevealthefactthatheisherhusbandtoDimmesdale.HetellsherthatProvidenceisnowinchargeoftheirfates,andshemaydoassheseesfit.HestertakesPearlintothewoods,wheretheywaitforDimmesdaletoarrive.Heissurprisedtoseethem,butheconfessestoHesterthatheisdesperateforafriendwhoknowshissecret.ShecomfortshimandtellshimChillingworthstrueidentity.Heisfuriousbutfinallyagreesthattheyshouldrunawaytogether.Hereturnstotownwithmoreenergythanhehasevershownbefore.Hesterfindsashipthatwillcarryallthreeofthem,anditworksoutthattheshipisduetosailthedayafterDimmesdalegiveshisElectionSermon.Butonthedayofthesermon,Chillingworthpersuadestheshipscaptaintotakehimonboardaswell.Hesterdoesnotknowhowtogetoutofthisdilemma.,Summary,DimmesdalegiveshisElectionSermon,anditreceivesthehighestaccoladesofanypreachinghehaseverperformed.Hethenunexpectedlywalkstothescaffoldandstandsonit,infullviewofthegatheredmasses.DimmesdalecallsHesterandPearltocometohim.Chillingworthtriestostophim,butDimmesdalelaughsandtellshimthathecannotwin.HesterandPearljoinDimmesdaleonthescaffold.DimmesdalethentellsthepeoplethatheisalsoasinnerlikeHester,andthatheshouldhaveassumedhisrightfulplacebyhersideoversevenyearsearlier.Hethenripsopenhisshirttorevealascarletletteronhisflesh.Dimmesdalefallstohiskneesanddiesonthescaffold.HesterandPearlleavethetownforawhile,andseveralyearslaterHesterreturns.NoonehearsfromPearlagain,butitisassumedthatshehasgottenmarriedandhashadchildreninEurope.Hesterneverremovesherscarletletter,andwhenshepassesawaysheisburiedinthesiteofKingsChapel.,Themes,LoveSinMoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectofthesinonthepeople,Features,CulturalallegoryStructurallycompactComplexpsychologiesonthepartofthemajorcharactersAmbiguity(multipleview)Strongfairy-taleelementSupernaturalelementSymbolism“A”;namesofcharacters;flowerattheprisondoor;wilderness,A,“adulteryandsin”individualpunishmentreconciliation“Americaandallegory”nationalsinhumancost,Text:
HesteratHerNeedle,HesterPrynnestermofconfinementwasnowatanend.Herprison-doorwasthrownopen,andshecameforthintothesunshine,which,fallingonallalike,seemed,tohersickandmorbidheart,asifmeantfornootherpurposethantorevealthescarletletteronherbreast.,Text:
HesteratHerNeedle,Perhapstherewasamorerealtortureinherfirstunattendedfootstepsfromthethresholdoftheprison,thanevenintheprocessionandspectaclethathavebeendescribed,whereshewasmadethecommoninfamy,atwhichallmankindwassummonedtopointitsfinger.,Text:
HesteratHerNeedle,Then,shewassupportedbyanunnaturaltensionofthenerves,andbyallthecombativeenergyofhercharacter,whichenabledhertoconvertthesceneintoakindofluridtriumph.Itwas,moreover,aseparateandinsulatedevent,tooccurbutonceinherlifetime,andtomeetwhich,therefore,recklessofeconomy,shemightcallupthevitalstrengththatwouldhavesufficedformanyquietyears.,Text:
HesteratHerNeedle,Theverylawthatcondemnedheragiantofsternfeatures,butwithvigortosupport,aswellastoannihilate,inhisironarmhadheldherup,throughtheterribleordealofherignominy.Butnow,withthisunattendedwalkfromherprison-door,beganthedailycustom,andshemusteithersustainandcarryitforwardbytheordinaryresourcesofhernature,orsinkbeneathit.,Text:
HesteratHerNeedle,Shecouldnolongerborrowfromthefuture,tohelpherthroughthepresentgrief.To-morrowwouldbringitsowntrialwithit;sowouldthenextday,andsowouldthenext;eachitsowntrial,andyettheverysame
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