Geert Hofstede.docx
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Geert Hofstede.docx
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GeertHofstede
GeertHofstede
方晓青——Jane
朱琳——Layla
朱柔芸——Rainy
蒋春兰——Iris
PublicRelations
2013-3-20
Contents
1.Biography
1.1Childhoodandearlyinfluences……………3
1.2Collegeyearsandprofessionallife…………3
1.3IBMresearch………………………………4
2.Developmentofresearchmodel………………4-5
3.Personallife……………………………………5
4.Awardsandhonors………………………………5-6
5.Publications………………………………………6
6.Hofstede’sculturalDimensions……………………7-8
Introduction
GeertHofstedewasbornon2Octoberin1928inHaarlem,Netherlands.HeisaninfluentialDutchresearcherinthefieldsoforganizationalstudiesandmoreconcretelyorganizationalculture,alsoculturaleconomicsandmanagement.Heisawell-knownpioneerinhisresearchofcross-culturalgroupsandorganizationsandplayedamajorroleindevelopingasystematicframeworkforassessinganddifferentiatingnationalculturesandorganizationalcultures.Hisstudiesdemonstratedthattherearenationalandregionalculturalgroupsthatinfluencebehaviorofsocietiesandorganizations.
Uponhisretirementin1993,Geerthasvisitednumerousuniversitiesworldwidetoeducatestudentsonhistheoreticalapproachesandtocontinuehisresearchinthisfield.HecurrentlyisProfessorEmeritusofOrganizationalAnthropologyandInternationalManagementattheUniversityofMaastrichtintheNetherlands,andservesasanextramuralfellowoftheCenterofEconomicResearchatTilburgUniversityinTilburg,Netherlands.
1.Biography
1.1)Childhoodandearlyinfluences
GeertwenttoschoolsinTheHagueandApeldoorn,andreceivedhishighschooldiploma(GymnasiumBeta)in1945.WhenWorldWarIIended,GeertHofstedewasseventeenandhadalwayslivedintheNetherlandsunderratherdifficultcircumstances.Sohedecidedthatitwastimeforhimtoexplorethewideworld.HeenteredTechnicalCollegein1945,andhadoneyearofinternships,includingavoyagetoIndonesiain1947asanassistantship'sengineer.Itwashisfirsttimeoutofhiscountry,immersedinaforeignculture,andwasanearlyinfluenceinhiscareertostudycross-cultures.HewasalsoinfluencedbyatriphemadetoEnglandaftermeetinganEnglishgirl,whereheexperiencedculturalshock.HewasstruckbytheculturaldifferenceshenoticedbetweenEnglandandHolland,twoverycloseEuropeancountries.Theseearlyexperienceshelpedtranslateintoalifelongcareerincross-culturalresearch.
1.2)Collegeyearsandprofessionallife
In1953,GeertgraduatedfromDelftTechnicalUniversitywithaM.Sc.inMechanicalEngineering.Upongraduation,hejoinedtheDutchmilitary,workingasatechnicalofficerintheDutcharmyandservedfortwoyears.Leavingthemilitary,GeertworkedasafactoryhandinAmsterdam.Between1955and1965,heheldprofessionalandmanagerialjobsinthreedifferentDutchindustrialcompanies.ThiswasanimportantperiodinGeert'slife,whereheactuallyworkedinindustry.Byexperiencingmanagement,hehadachancetoseetheorganizationfromthebottomupworkingasamechanic.Thistrainingandbackgroundasanengineershapedhisresearchandhisapproachtosocialsituations.Heclaimsthathisdescriptionofsocialsituationsappealstoanumberofpeoplebecause"IstillhavethemindofanengineertotheextentthatItrytobespecificandbeclearaboutwhatIamsaying."Thiswasimportantinhisdevelopmentofquantifyingculturesondifferentdimensions.
1.3)IBMresearch
Afterworkingintheindustryfortenyears,Geertenteredpart-timedoctoralstudyatGroningenUniversityinTheNetherlands,andreceivedhisPhDinsocialpsychologycumlaudein1967.Histhesiswastitled"TheGameofBudgetControl."Duringthistime,hejoinedIBMInternational,workingasamanagementtrainerandmanagerofpersonnelresearch.HefoundedandmanagedthePersonnelResearchDepartment.Thiswashistransitionfromthefieldofengineeringandintopsychology.Inthisrole,heplayedanactiveroleintheintroductionandapplicationofemployeeopinionsurveysinover70nationalsubsidiariesofIBMaroundtheworld.HetraveledacrossEuropeandtheMiddleEasttointerviewpeopleandconductsurveysregardingpeople'sbehaviorinlargeorganizationsandhowtheycollaborated.Hecollectedlargeamountsofdata,butduetothepressuresofhisdailyjob,wasunabletoconductasignificantamountofresearch.Whenhetookatwo-yearsabbaticalfromIBMin1971,hedelveddeeperintothedatahehadcollectedfromhisjob,anddiscoveredthatthereweresignificantdifferencesbetweenculturesinotherorganizations,butgotthesamerankingofanswersbycountry.Atthetime,theresultsoftheIBM'ssurveys,withover100,000questionnaires,wereoneofthelargestcross-nationaldatabasesthatexisted.GeertfoundthatthesameresultsthathediscoveredintheIBMsurveyshadreproducedthemselvessignificantlyinthesampleofhisstudents.ThiswasthefirsthardpieceofevidencethatthedifferencesamongcountrieswasnotspecifictoIBM,butinstead,wasduetoageneralizedsetofsharedsocializationskillsthatwerespecifictopeoplehavinggrownupinthesamecountry,andnotnecessarily,thesameorganization. Between1973and1979,heworkedonthedata,andanalyzeditinavarietyofways.Heusedexistingliteratureinpsychology,sociology,politicalscience,andanthropologytorelatehisfindingsinalargerscopeofstudy.In1980,hepublishedhisbookCulture’sConsequences,wheretheresultsofhisanalysiswerepresented.
2)Developmentofresearchmodel
Geert'sanalysisdefinedfourinitialdimensionsofnationalculturethatwerepositionedagainstanalysisof40initialcountries.Asatrainedpsychologist,hebeganhisanalysisofthesurveydataattheindividualrespondentlevel.Attheendoftwoyears,herealizedheneededan"ecological"analysis,inwhichrespondentswerecontextualizedbytheircountries.Byaggregatingindividualsassocietalunits,hecouldexaminenationalculturesratherthanindividualpersonalities.
Geert’smodel,whenintroducedin1980,cameatatimewhenculturaldifferencesbetweensocietieshadbecomeincreasinglyrelevantforbotheconomicandpoliticalreasons.Althoughusingscientificdatatobackhisclaims,practitionersembracedthemodel,especiallyafterthepublicationofhis1991book,“CulturesandOrganizations:
SoftwareoftheMind.”
In1980,Geertco-foundedandbecamethefirstDirectorfortheIRIC,theInstituteforResearchonInterculturalCooperation,locatedatTilburgUniversitysince1998.MuchofGeert’sresearchonthebasicdimensionsofnationscamethroughtheIRIC.In2001,Geertpublishedanentirelyrewrittensecondeditionof"Culture'sConsequences".In2010,athirdeditionof"CulturesandOrganizations:
SoftwareoftheMind"waspublishedwithGertJanHofstedeandMichaelMinkovlistedasco-authors.Inthisbook,thereweretwonewdimensionsthatwereadded,andthenumberofcountriescoveredtobetween76and93.Thisbookalsointroducedthetopicoforganizationalculturesasaseparateanddifferentphenomenon.
Ina2008articleintheAcademyofManagement’sjournal,TheAcademyofManagementReview,GalitAilondeconstructsHofstede’sbookCulture’sConsequencesbymirroringitagainstitsownassumptionsandlogic.Ailonfindsseveralinconsistenciesatthelevelofboththeoryandmethodology,andcautionsagainstanuncriticalreadingofHofstede’sculturaldimensions.
Geert’sbookshaveappearedin23languages.WorldWideWeb’scitationindexesbetween1981and2011listedmorethan9,000articlesinpeer-reviewedjournalscitingoneormoreofGeert’spublications.ThismakeshimthecurrentlymostcitedEuropeansocialscientist.HeholdshonorarydoctoratesfromsevenuniversitiesinWesternandEasternEurope.
3)Personallife
In1955,GeertmarriedMaaikeA.vandenHoek.Together,theyhavefoursons:
Gert-JanHofstede,whoisapopulationbiologistandsocialscientistininformationmanagement;RokusHofstede,whoworksasatranslator;BartHofstede,whoisaCulturalCounseloroftheKingdomoftheNetherlandsinBerlin,andGideonHofstede,whoworksasaninternationalmarketeer.Healsohastengrandchildren.Gert-Janhasworkedextensivelywithhisfatherandco-authoredseveralworksintherealmofculturestudy.
4)Awardsandhonors
GeertHofstedehasreceivedmuchrecognitionforhisworkincross-culturalanalysis.TheHanzeUniversityGroningenintheNetherlandsestablishedtheGeertHofstedeLecture,abi-annualconferenceontopicsofinterculturalcommunicationin2004.In2006,aGeertHofstedeChairforCulturalDiversitywasestablishedatMaastrichtUniversity,andin2010,theSchoolofBusinessandEconomicslaunchedafundnamedafterGeerttoencourageactivitiesaroundmulticulturalinteractionsandresearch.In2009ReputationInstitute,which"recognizesindividualswhohavegreatlycontributedtothefieldofreputationthroughbothscholarshipandpractice",nominatedHofstedeastheBestScholaroftheyear.
·Honorarymember,HungarianAcademyofSciences,SectionofEconomicsandLaw,2010
·InternationalHonoraryMember,AIESEC
·HonoraryMember,SIETAREurope(SocietyforInterculturalEducation,TrainingandResearch)
·1992HonoraryMember,EFMImperator(today:
SCOPEMaastricht)
·Fellow,AcademyofManagement,UnitedStates
·2006HonoraryFellow,InternationalAssociationforCross-CulturalPsychology
·1998EminentScholar,AcademyofInternationalBusiness,UnitedStates
·2011AwardedKnightintheOrderoftheNetherlandsLion(OrdevandeNederlandseLeeuw)
◆Honorarydoctorates:
·NyenrodeBusinessUniversity,theNetherlands
·NewBulgarianUniversity,Sofia,Bulgaria
·AthensUniversityofEconomicsandBusiness,Greece
·UniversityofGothenburg
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