the history of chritianity in England.docx
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the history of chritianity in England.docx
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thehistoryofchritianityinEngland
ChristianityinRomanBritain
ThefirstevidenceofChristianityinEnglandisfromthelate2ndcenturyAD.(TheremayhavebeenChristiansinBritainbeforethen,wecannotbesure).RomanBritainwasacosmopolitanplace.MerchantsfromallovertheempiresettledthereandsoldiersfrommanycountriesservedtheresowewillneverknowwhofirstintroducedChristianitytoEngland.
AtthattimeEnglandandWaleswereruledbytheRomans.ThenativepeoplewereCelts.Theywerepolytheists(theyworshippedmanygods).TheRomanstoowerepolytheistsandtheywerewillingtoallowtheCeltstoworshiptheiroldgods.
HowevertheRomanswerenottolerantofChristianity.Attimeswavesofpersecutioncrossedtheempire.StAlbanthefirstBritishChristianmartyrwasexecutedinatowncalledVerulamiumin304AD.MuchlateranabbeywasbuilttherededicatedtoStAlbananditgaveitsnametothetownofStAlbans.
In313theEmperorConstantinegrantedChristiansfreedomofworship.Sopersecutionendedandduringthe4thcenturyChristianitybecamewidespreadinEngland.
In314threeBritishbishopsattendedachurchcouncilinArlesinFrance,EboriusbishopofYork,RestitutusbishopofLondonandAdeliusbishopofCaerleon(Gwent).SobythattimetherewasaflourishingandorganisedchurchinEngland.
InHintonStMary,Dorseta4thcenturymosaicwasfoundwiththefaceofJesusandtheGreekletterschirho,whichstandforchristos(GreekforChrist)showingChristianitywasapopularreligioninEngland.
ChristianityinSaxonEngland
In407thelastRomansoldiersleftBritain.OverthefollowingdecadesRomancivilisationbrokedown.Inthe5thand6thcenturiesSaxons,AnglesandJutesfromGermanyandDenmarkinvadedsouthernandeasternEnglandandgraduallyconqueredEngland.AstheSaxonsslowlyadvancedfromEasttoWestChristianityvanishedfromEngland,exceptCornwall.
HoweverChristianitycontinuedtothriveinWalesandbytheearly5thcenturyitspreadtoIreland.Inthe5thand6thcenturiesScotlandwasconverted.CutofffromtheChurchinRomeCelticChristiansformedadistinctiveCelticChurch.
ConvertingthePaganSaxonstoChristianitywaspartlytheworkoftheCelticChurchandpartlytheworkoftheRomanChurch.(AtthattimeEnglandwasdividedintoseveralsmallkingdoms).TheCelticChristiansbeganconvertingtheNorthofEnglandandmissionariesweresentfromRometoconverttheSouth.
AccordingtotraditionPopeGregorysawboysonsaleintheslavemarketinRome.HeissupposedtohaveaskedaboutthemandwhentoldthattheywereAngleshereplied憂otAnglesbutangels'WhenhebecamePopehewaskeentoconverttheAnglo-Saxons.In596hesentapartyofabout40menledbyAugustinetoKent.Theyarrivedin597.
AethelberhtpermittedthemonkstopreachinKentandintimehewasconverted.Furthermorehisnephew,Saeberht,thekingofEssexwasalsoconverted.
Meanwhilein627KingEdwinofNorthumbria(theNorthofEngland)andallhisnobleswerebaptised.(Hemayhavebeeninfluencedbyhiswife,Ethelburgh,whowasaChristian).Mostofhissubjectsfollowed.
HoweverthingsdidnotgosmoothlyinNorthumbria.KingEdwinwaskilledatthebattleofHatfieldin632andafterwardsmostofNorthumbriarevertedtoPaganism.TheyhadtobeconvertedalloveragainbyCelticmonksfromScotland.
Furthersouthin630aChristiancalledSigeberhtbecameKingofEastAnglia.HeaskedtheArchbishopofCanterburytosendmentohelpconverthispeople.MeanwhilePopeHonorioussentamannamedBirinustoconverttheWestSaxons(wholivedinHampshire).
MissionariesalsopreachedinthekingdomofMercia(TheMidlands).In653KingPaedaofMerciawasconvertedandbaptisedandgraduallytherealmwasconverted.
ThelastpartofEnglandtobeconvertedtoChristianitywasSussex.Itwasconvertedafter680bySt.Wilfrid.
Finallybytheendofthe7thcenturyallofEnglandwasatleastnominallyChristian.Howeversomepeoplecontinuedtosecretlyworshiptheoldpagangodsaslateasthe8thcentury.
HowevertherewasdisagreementamongChristiansinNorthumbria.TheCelticChurchdifferedwithRomeoverthedateofEaster.Celticmonksalsohadadifferenttonsure(hairstyle)fromRomanmonks.AfterNorthumbriawasconvertedforthesecondtimetherewasdisagreementoverwhethertofollowtheCelticcustomortheRoman.AsynodorchurchmeetingwasheldatWhitbyin664.TheNorthumbriankingdecidedhispeopleshouldfollowtheRomanwayratherthantheCeltic.EventuallyalltheEnglishkingdomsfollowedtheChurchinRomeratherthantheCelticChurch.
WhitbyAbbeybyWendyPyatt
Howeverinthelate9thcenturytheDanesconqueredmostofEngland.Howeverin878AlfredtheGreat,kingofWessex(SouthernEngland)crushedtheDanesatthebattleofEdington.AfterwardstheDanesmadeatreatywithAlfred.TheysplitEnglandbetweenthem.TheDanestookalltheterritoryeastoftheoldRomanroad,WatlingStreet.TheDanesalsoagreedtobecomeChristians.
OncetheywereconvertedtoChristianitytheDanesofEasternEnglandhadmuchincommonwiththeSaxons.GraduallyAlfred'sdescendantsconqueredtheDanish-heldareasofEnglandandintimetheycreatedasinglekingdomofEngland.
Theninthelate10thcenturytherewasareligiousrevival.AmannamedDunstan(c.1020-1088)wasArchbishopofCanterbury.Hereformedthemonasteries.Manynewchurchesandmonasterieswerebuiltduringhistime.
ChristianityinEnglandintheMiddleAges
IntheMiddleAgesreligionwasavitalpartofeverydaylife.Allchildrenwerebaptised(unlesstheywereJewish)andeveryoneattendedmassonSunday.MasswasinLatin,alanguagethatordinarypeopledidnotunderstand.
Bishopsruledovergroupsofparishescalleddioceses.Theyusuallycamefromrichfamilies.Bishopslivedinpalacesandoftentookpartingovernment.Thingswereverydifferentforparishpriests.Theywerepoorandoftenhadlittleeducation.Parishpriestshadtheirownlandcalledtheglebewheretheygrewtheirownfood.Theylivedandworkedalongsidetheirparishioners.
IntheMiddleAgesmonksandnunsgavefoodtothepoor.Theyalsorantheonlyhospitalswheretheytriedtohelpthesickasbesttheycould.Theyalsoprovidedhospitalityforpilgrimsandothertravellers(althoughastimewentbytherewereanincreasingnumberofinnswhereyoucouldpaytostaythenight).Inamedievalmonasterytherewasanalmonrywherefoodormoneywasgiventothepoor,therefectorywherethemonksate,thedormitory,infirmaryandthecloisterswherethemonkscouldtakeexercise.Analmonerlookedafterthepoor,aninfirmarianlookedafterthesickandahospitallerlookedaftervisitors.
Aswellasthemonksfromthe13thcenturytherewerealsofriars.Theytookvowslikebutinsteadofwithdrawingfromtheworldtheywentouttopreach.Franciscanfriarswerecalledgreyfriarsbecauseoftheirgreycostumes.Dominicanfriarswerecalledblackfriars.
Toreadmoreaboutmonasteriesclickhere.
IntheMiddleAgesmerchantsandgroupsofcraftsmenwereorganisedintoguilds,whichprotectedtheirinterests.Guildsalsoputonplayscalledmysteryplay.(ThewordmysteryisacorruptionoftheFrenchwordmetier,meaningjobortrade).TheplayswerebasedonBiblestoriesandweremeanttoinstructthepeople.Howevertherewasnothingsolemnabouttheseplays.Theycontainedlotsofjokes.
Inthe14thand15thcenturiestheVirginMaryandthesaintsweregivenmuchmoreprominenceinreligion.Farmoredevotionwasshowntothem.Furthermorerichpeoplepaidforchantries,whichwerechapelswhereapriestsaidprayersforthedeadinthebeliefthattheywouldshortedtheperiodthedeadpersonwouldspendsufferinginpurgatorybeforetheycouldenterHeaven.
AfamousChristianofthe14thcenturywasJohnWycliffe.HetranslatedtheBiblefromLatinintoEnglish.Healsodeniedthedoctrineoftransubstantiation(thebeliefthatbreadandwinearetransformedintothebodyandbloodofChristduringmass).Wycliffediedofnaturalcausesbuthisfollowerswerepersecuted.TheywereknownasLollards(awordthatmeantmutterers)becausetheysaidlongprayers.In1401alawwaspassedwhichallowedhereticstobeburnedtodeath.NeverthelesstheLollardscontinuedtomeetduringthe15thcentury.
Christianityin16thCenturyEngland
OneofthegreatChristiansoftheearly16thcenturywasWilliamTyndale.In1525TyndaletranslatedtheNewTestamentintoEnglish.TyndalealsotranslatedpartoftheOldTestament.HoweverTyndalewasburnedin1536.Hislastwordswere'LordopenthekingofEngland'seyes'.
MeanwhileProtestantideaswerespreadinginEnglanddespitepersecutionbypeoplelikeThomasMore.
In1501ArthurtheoldestsonofKingHenryVIImarriedCatherineofAragon.HoweverArthurdiedin1502.HisbrotherHenrynowbecameheirtothethrone.Hemarriedhisbrother'swidowin1509.(NormallysuchamarriagewouldnothavebeenallowedbutthePopegaveaspecialdispensation).
Atthebeginningof1511HenryVIIIhadasonbuttheboydiedafteronly7weeks.Catherinehadfourmiscarriagesandonlyoneofherchildrenlived-agirlnamedMary.HenrywasdesperatetohaveasonandheirandCatherinecouldnotgivehimone.
HenrydecidedthatGodwaspunishinghimformarryinghisbrother'swidow.HenrynowarguedthatthemarriagetoCatherinewasnotvalidandheaskedthePopetoannulthemarriage.HoweverthePopewouldnotco-operate.
TheHenricianReformation
FinallyHenrylostpatiencewiththePopeandrejectedhisauthorityin1534.TheActofSupremacymadeHenrytheheadoftheChurchofEngland.
AlthoughHenrybrokewithRomehekepttheCatholicreligionessentiallyintact
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