Spatial distribution pattern analysis of groundwater nitrate nitrogen pollution in Shandong intensiv.docx
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Spatial distribution pattern analysis of groundwater nitrate nitrogen pollution in Shandong intensiv.docx
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SpatialdistributionpatternanalysisofgroundwaternitratenitrogenpollutioninShandongintensiv
Researchmethodologyandaims
3.China’srenewableenergypromotionprograms
4.REDPbackgroundandorganization
4.1.Photovoltaic(PV)component
4.2.Windcomponent
4.3.Technologyimprovementcomponent
5.Researchfindings
5.1.PVcompanies
5.2.SHSretailers
5.3.SHSend-users
6.Lessonslearned
6.1.Creditaccess
6.2.EffectsofSHSownershiponpoverty
6.3.After-salesservice
6.4.SHSasatransitiontechnology
6.5.Focusonwhole-cyclequalityimprovement
7.Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
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Highlights
►WithWorldBanksupport,morethan400,000photovoltaicsolarhomesystemsweresoldinnorthwesternChinaundertheRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProject(REDP).►REDP’ssuccessislikelyattributedtoitssynergisticobjectivesofimprovingPVproductqualityandenhancingPVcompanies’marketingcapacities.►Wefindthatafter-salesservicenetworksremainweakandbelievethatprojectdesignersshouldincorporatebetteroutreachprogramstoreinforcesystemmaintenancepractices.
162
QuantitativeappraisalandpotentialanalysisforprimarybiomassresourcesforenergyutilizationinChina ReviewArticle
RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews,Volume14,Issue9,December2010,Pages3050-3058
YangYanli,ZhangPeidong,ZhangWenlong,TianYongsheng,ZhengYonghong,WangLisheng
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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences
Abstract
Asthelargestagriculturalcountry,Chinahasabundantbiomassresources,butthedistributionisscatteredanddifficulttocollect.ItisessentialtoestimatethebiomassresourceanditspotentialforbioenergyutilizationinChina.Inthisstudy,theamountofmainbiomassresourcesforpossibleenergyuseandtheirenergyutilizationpotentialinChinaareanalyzedbasedonstatisticaldata.Theresultsshowedthatthebiomassresourceforpossibleenergyuseamountedto8.87 × 108 tcein2007ofwhichthecropsstrawis1.42 × 108 tce,theforestbiomassis2.85 × 108 tce,thepoultryandlivestockmanureis4.40 × 107 tce,themunicipalsolidwasteis1.35 × 106 tce,andtheorganicwastewateris6.46 × 106 tce.Throughtheinformationbythematicmap,itisindicatedthat,exceptarctic-alpineareasanddeserts,thebiomassresourceforpossibleenergyusewaspresentedarelativelyaveragedistributioninChina,butlargegapwasexistedindifferentregionsintheconcentrationofbiomassresources,withthecharacteristicsofEastdenseandWestsparse.Itisindicatedthattheenergytransformationefficiencyofbiomasscompressingandshaping,biomassanaerobicfermentationandbiomassgasificationforheatinghavehigherconversionefficiency.Ifallofthebiomassresourcesforpossibleenergyuseareutilizedbythesethreeformsrespectively,7.66 × 1012 tofbiomassbriquettesfuel,1.98 × 1012 m3oflowcalorificvaluegasand3.84 × 1011 m3ofbiogascouldbeproduced,3.65 × 108 tto4.90 × 108 tofcoalconsumptioncouldbesubstituted,and6.12 × 108 tto7.53 × 108 tofCO2emissionscouldbereduced.Withtheenormousenergyutilizationpotentialofbiomassresourcesandtheprominentbenefitofenergysavingandemissionreduction,itprovesaneffectivewaytoadjusttheenergyconsumptionstructure,toalleviatetheenergycrisis,toensurethenationalenergysecurityandtomitigatetheglobalwarmingtrend.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Appraiseindexandmethodology
2.1.Appraiseindex
2.2.Methodology
2.2.1.Potentialestimationofenergyutilization
2.2.2.Greenhouseemissionsestimation
2.3.Datasource
3.GeographicdistributionsandavailableamountofbiomassresourcesinChina
3.1.Cropsstraw
3.2.Forestbiomass
3.3.Poultryandlivestockmanure
3.4.Municipalsolidwaste
3.5.Organicwastewater
3.6.TotalamountofbiomassresourcesinChina
4.PotentialestimationofbiomassresourceenergyutilizationinChina
5.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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163
CharacteristicsofchromophoricdissolvedorganicmatterinthenearshorewatersofthewesternTaiwanStrait OriginalResearchArticle
Estuarine,CoastalandShelfScience,Volume88,Issue3,10July2010,Pages350-356
CuifenDu,ShaolingShang,QiangDong,ChuanminHu,JingyuWu
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Abstract
Absorptionandfluorescenceofchromophoricdissolvedorganicmatter(CDOM)inthenearshorewatersofthewesternTaiwanStraitwereexaminedinAprilandOctoberof2008.CDOMabsorptioncoefficientat412 nm(ag(412)inm−1)showedaninversedlinearrelationshipwithsalinity,indicatingconservativemixingbetweenfreshwaterandseawater,althoughtherelationshipchangedwithseasonsandlocations.Onaverage,exceptinthevicinityoftwomajorrivers(MinjiangRiverandJiulongjiangRiver),ag(412)washigherinOctober(dryseason)(0.173 ± 0.036 m−1)thaninApril(wetseason)(0.123 ± 0.059 m−1).ThisobservationiscounterintuitivebutconsistentwiththosederivedfromMODISsatellitemeasurements.CombinedwiththeCDOMEEMspectra(fluorescenceexcitation–emissionmatrix),theresultssuggestthat1)MinjiangRiverandJiulongjiangRiverweretheprimaryland-basedCDOMsources;2)Themarineend-memberswerecontrolledbytheSouthChinaSeaWarmCurrentinAprilandtheZhe-MinCoastalWaterinOctober;3)Theland-basedCDOMwasmorefromsewagethanfromsoilleaching;and4)LightabsorptioninthebluewavelengthswasdominatedbyCDOManddetritus.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Methods
2.1.Samplecollectionandmeasurements
2.2.MODISdataprocessing
3.Spatial-temporalvariationsofag(412)
4.CDOMdynamicsandorigin
5.Implicationsforoceancolorremotesensing
6.Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
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164
Associationofphysicalviolencebyanintimatepartneraroundthetimeofpregnancywithinadequategestationalweightgain OriginalResearchArticle
SocialScience&Medicine,Volume72,Issue6,March2011,Pages867-873
HindA.Beydoun,HalaTamim,AliciaM.Lincoln,SuzannaD.Dooley,MayA.Beydoun
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Abstract
Intimatepartnerviolencehasbeenpreviouslyexaminedinrelationtoavarietyofpregnancy,laboranddeliveryoutcomes.WeevaluatedwhetherwomenwhoexperiencedphysicalviolencebytheirintimatepartnersaroundthetimeofpregnancywerelesslikelytoachieveweightgainaccordingtotheUSInstituteofMedicine(IOM)guidelines.Across-sectionalstudywasconductedusingthe2000–2006OklahomaPregnancyRiskAssessmentMonitoringSurvey(PRAMS)dataforpost-partumwomen,20 yearsandolder.Physicalviolenceperpetratedbyanintimatepartnerbeforeand/orduringpregnancywasprevalentinnearly6.5%ofwomen.Weightgainwasadequatein38.8%,deficientin28.4%andexcessivein32.8%ofthesewomen,respectively.Afteradjustingformaternalage,maritalstatus,education,pregnancyintention,stressfullifeevents,third-trimesteruseoftobaccoandalcoholandgestationalageatdelivery,physicalviolencebyanintimatepartneraroundthetimeofpregnancywaspositivelybutnon-significantlyassociatedwithexcessive(butnotdeficient)gestationalweightgain.Afterstratifyingbyagegroup,positiveandsignificantassociationsbetweenphysicalviolencebyanintimatepartneraroundthetimeofpregnancyandinadequategestationalweightgainwereobservedonlyamongwomen35yearsandolder.Withtheexceptionofmothers≥35yearsofage,deficientandexcessivegestationalweightgainswerenotsignificantlyrelatedtoexperienceswithphysicalviolencebyanintimatepartnerpriortodelivery.Prospectivecohortstudiesareneededtoestablishwhetherotherformsofviolence,includingemotionalandsexualabuse,canaffectgestationalweightgainandwhethergestationalweightgaincanmediatetheeffectofphysical,sexualandemotionalabuseonpregnancy,laboranddeliveryoutcomes.
ArticleOutline
Introduction
Materialsandmethods
CDCPRAMS
Exposure
Outcome
Covariates
Statisticalanalysis
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
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Highlights
►Secondaryanalyseswerebasedonthe2000–2006OklahomaPRAMSdata.►GestationalweightgainwasgenerallynotrelatedtoIPVaroundpregnancy.►Forwomen≥35years,IPVandinadequateweightgainweredirectlyrelated.
165
Aninvestigationintothermalcomfortandresidentialthermalenvironmentinanintertropicalsub-SaharanAfricaregion:
FieldstudyreportduringtheHarmattanseasoninCameroon OriginalResearchArticle
EnergyConversionandManagement,Volume51,Issue7,July2010,Pages1391-1397
NoëlDjongyang,RenéTchinda
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Abstract
Investigationsonthermalcomforthaveattractedauthorsforyearsthroughouttheworldandthemostimportantfindingsarenowthebasisofinternationalthermalcomfortstandards.Thereislittleinformationavailableconcerningoccupantcomfortandresidentialthermalenvironmentintheintertropicalsub-SaharanAfrica.Thusthepurposeforthisstudyistoconductafieldstudyoncomfortandresidentialthermalenvironmentsinatypicalintertropicalclimaticregion.Afieldsurveyhasbee
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