阅读完形.docx
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阅读完形.docx
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阅读完形
完形填空
(一)
宏观上处理好篇章与空格之间的关系完形填空的测试目的是测试学生运用语言的综合能力。
完形填空的考试重点是上下文的联系和短语结构的搭配关系。
由于考试时间紧,许多考生在回答这部分题的时候,往往不顾整个篇章的结构、大意或文体,一开始就把注意力放在空格选项上,孤立地研究单个选项,这就脱离了文章整体,答题的准确率也会大受影响。
因此,要做好这部分试题考生首先必须大体理解篇章的主要内容、逻辑关系,从而判断出作者的意图及归纳或演绎的思路;另外,考生在答题之前,还要对文章的文体有所了解,这有利于考生根据不同的文体对不同的或相近的选项做出正确的选择。
如文学材料、科普文章、新闻报道等由于文体上的不同,它们在用词和句子结构上都有所不同。
请看下面例子:
Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,___1___dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor___2___foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif ___3___ismissing,adeficiencydiseasebecomes___4___.
1.A.either B.so C.nor D.never
2. A.shiftingB.transferringC.alteringD.transforming
3. A.any B.someC.anythingD.something
4.A.serious B.apparent C.severe D.fatal
通读全文后可知,这是一篇有关科普知识的短文,一般来说科普知识文章以客观陈述为突出特点,用词比较正式,句子结构比较严密,因此在选择时要在宏观上考虑到这些因素。
比如第四空,从科学常识可知,缺乏任何一种维生素都不至于使疾病严重(serious)、致命(fatal),故应排除选项A和D。
severe(严厉的)不能用来修饰疾病。
因此,选Bapparent既合乎句意,搭配又得当。
另外,完形填空的空格没有任何一个是孤立地存在的,必须把它们放在文章的语言环境中进行逐个推敲,同时利用自己对各种材料描写、陈述内容的了解,作出正确选择。
PART Ⅰ
Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldcorrectlycompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.MarkthecorrectchoiceforeachblankonyourANSWERSHEET.TheUnitedStatesiswell-knownforitsnetworkofmajorhighwaysdesignedtohelpadrivergetfromoneplacetoanotherintheshortestpossibletime.___1___thesewidemodernroadsaregenerally___2___ andwellmaintained,with___3___ sharpcurvesandstraightsections,adirectrouteisnotalwaysthemost___4___ one.Largehighwaysoftenpass___5___ scenicareasandinterestingsmalltowns.Furthermore,thesehighwaysgenerally___6___ largeurbancenters,whichmeansthattheybecomecrowdedwith___7___ trafficduringrushhours,___8___ the“fast,direct”routebecomesaveryslowroute.However,thereisalmostalwaysanotherroutetotake___9___ youarenotinahurry.Notfarfromthe___10___ new“superhighways”,thereareoftenolder,___11___ heavilytraveledroadswhichgothroughthecountryside.___12___ ofthesearegoodtwo-laneroads;othersareunevenroadscurvingthroughthecountry.Thesesecondaryroutesmaygoupsteepslopes,alonghigh___13___,ordownfrighteninghillsidetotowns___14___ indeepvalleys.Throughtheselessdirectroutes,longerandslower,theygenerallygotoplaces___15___ theairiscleanandsceneryisbeautiful,andthedrivermayhaveachancetogetafresh,cleanviewoftheworld.
1.A.Although B.Since C.Because D.Therefore
2.A.stable B.splendid C.smooth D.complicated
3.A.little B.few C.much D.many
4.A.terribleB.possible C.enjoyableD.profitable
5.A.to B.into C.over D.by
6.A.lead B.connectC.collect D.communicate
7.A.large B.fast C.high D.heavy
8.A.when B.for C.but D.that
9.A.unless B.if C.as D.since
10.A.relatively B.regularlyC.respectivelyD.reasonably
11.A.and B.less C.more D.or
12.A.All B.SeveralC.Lots D.Some
13.A.rocks B.cliffs C.roadsD.paths
14.A.lying B.laying C.laid D.lied
15.A.thereB.when C.whichD.where
参考答案及详解
1.A)此空四个选项都是从属连词,但是它们的属性是不同的,例如:
although是表示转折关系的;since,because,therefore是表示原因关系的。
通过阅
读此空所在句得知大概句义为:
“尽管这些宽阔的现代化公路通常很平坦且维护良好,转弯也很少,但是一直保持笔直的公路不总是令人赏心悦目”。
根据语义线索和语法线索可知此空应填表示转折关系的选项A。
2.C)根据词汇线索和词义搭配可知,stable,splendid和complicated一般不能用来修饰roads。
3.B)根据语义线索可推断此空正确答案为选项Bfew。
4.C)根据上下文可推测出如果高速公路总是保持笔直,对于驾驶者来说是非常枯燥的,因此本空的正确答案为Cenjoyable。
5.D)介词by能和动词pass搭配,意为“经过,掠过”。
6.B) 本句中的联系副词Furthermore说明本句是对上一句的进一步补充和信息的增加,由此可推测本句句义为高速公路不仅经过风景区和乡村,通常还“将庞大的都市中心区连接起来”。
故正确答案为B。
7.D) “交通拥挤”用heavy和traffic搭配。
8.A)通过分析可知,这里使用的是一个非限定性定语从句,四个选项中只有Awhen具备此语法功能。
9.B)根据上下句关系可推断此句为条件句,故选项B为正确答案。
10.A)根据主句中的“older...roads”可推断此空需要填一个比较意义的副词,以构成对比关系,故选项Arelatively“相应地,相对地”为正确答案。
其他三词词义分别为:
regularly“有规律地,定期地”;respectively“各自地”;reasonably“有理由地”。
11.B)根据此空前后词及结构可断定此空应使用比较级,故可排除A和D。
另外根据上下文可推测此空应为less,因为“moreheavilytraveled”意为“车辆拥挤的”公路,与常识不符。
12.D)从下文的others可知此空正确答案为Dsome。
13.B)根据上文的slopes和下文的hillsides就可以断定这里需要一个表示路况不好的词,选项Arocks意义不符,故只有Bcliffs“悬崖”为正确答案。
14.A)根据题目和选项可断定此空应为towns的后置定语,由此可猜测句义为“位于深谷中的城镇”,“位于”lie是不及物动词,不能以过去分词的形式出现作名词的后置修饰语,故正确答案为lie的现在分词形式lying。
15.D)定语从句修饰places用where来引导。
TEXTA
Beforethemid1860’s,theimpactoftherailroadsintheUnitedStateswaslimited,inthesensethatthetracksendedatthisMissouriRiver,approximatelythecenterofthecountry.Atthepointthetrainsturnedtheirfreight,mail,andpassengersovertosteamboats,wagons,andstagecoaches.Thismeantthatwagonfreighting,stagecoaching,andsteamboatingdidnotcometoanendwhenthefirsttrainappeared;rathertheybecamesupplementsorfeeders.Eachnew“endoftrack”becameacenterforanimaldrawnorwaterbornetransportation.Themajoreffectoftherailroadwastoshortenthedistancethathadtobecoveredbytheolder,slower,andmorecostlymeans.Wagonfreighterscontinuedoperatingthroughoutthe1870’sand1880’sandintothe1890’s.
Althoughoverconstantlyshrinkingroutes,andcoachesandwagonscontinuedtocrisscrosstheWestwherevertherailshadnotyetbeenlaid.Thebeginningofamajorchangewasforeshadowedinthelater1860’s,whentheUnionPacificRailroadatlastbegantobuildwestwardfromtheCentralPlainscityofOmahatomeettheCentralPacificRailroadadvancingeastwardfromCaliforniathroughtheformidablebarrieroftheSierraNevada.AlthoughPresidentAbrahamLincolnsignedtheoriginalPacificRailroadbillin1862andarevised,financiallymuchmoregenerousversionin1864,littleconstructionwascompleteduntil1865ontheCentralPacificand1866ontheUnionPacific.TheprimaryreasonwasskepticismthataRailroadbuiltthroughsochallengingandthinlysettledastretchofdesert,mountain,andsemiaridplaincouldpayaprofit.Inthewordsofaneconomist,thiswasacaseof“prematureenterprise”,wherenotonlythecostofconstructionbutalsotheveryhighriskdeterredprivateinvestment.IndiscussingthePacificRailroadbill,thechairofthecongressionalcommitteebluntlystatedthatwithoutgovernmentsubsidynoonewouldundertakesounpromisingaventure;yetitwasanationalnecessitytolinkEastandWesttogether.
16. Theauthorreferstotheimpactofrailroadsbeforethelate1860’sas“limited”because____.
A. thetrackdidnottakethedirectroutefromonecitytothenext
B.passengersandfreighthadtotransfertoothermodesoftransportationtoreachwesterndestinations
C.passengerspreferredstagecoaches
D.railroadtravelwasquiteexpensive
17. Whatcanbeinferredaboutcoachesandwagonfreightersastherailroadexpanded?
A. Theydevelopedcompetingroutes.
B.Theirdriversrefusedtoworkfortherailroads.
C.Theybegantospecializeinprivateinvestment.
D.Therewereinsufficientnumbersoftrainedpeopletooperatethem.
18. WhydoestheauthormentiontheSierraNevadainline17?
A. ToarguethatamoredirectroutetotheWestcouldhavebeentaken.
B.ToidentifyahistoricallysignificantmountainrangeintheWest.
C.Topointoutthelocationofaserioustrainaccident.
D.Togiveanexampleofanobstaclefacedbythecentralpacific.
19. Theword“subsidy”inline27isclosestinmeaningto _____.
A.persuasion
B.financing
C.explanation
D.penalty
答案和解析:
16.B)根据文章前五句可知,在十九世纪六十年代晚期前铁路在美国的影响是有限的“limited”,当时铁路只从美国东部修到了美国中部,运到美国西部地区的货物只有在铁路的尽头“endoftrack”改用其他的运输方式,比如:
汽船、马车等,它们的运输效率可想而知。
故选项B为正确答案。
17.D)这是一道推论题。
可用排除法做此题。
根据文章第六行至第七行“rathertheybecamesupplementsorfeeders”和第十行至第十三行“Wagonfreighterscontinuedoperatingthroughoutthe1870’sand1880’sandintothe1890’s.Althoughoverconstantlyshrinkingroutes,andcoachesandwagonscontinuedtocrisscrosstheWestwherevertherailshadnotyetbeenlaid.”可知随着铁路线的不断延伸,马车货运的路线日益减少,虽然马车货运经营者们继续在西部发展货运线路,但是它们只是铁路运输的补充。
因此选项A“他们发展了有竞争性的线路”可以排除。
而选项B、C文中根本没有提及。
故只有选项D为正确答案。
18.D)根据“theSierraNevada”所在句可知作者提到它是因为它是修建横跨东西铁路的一个巨大的障碍,故D为正确答案。
19.B)Subsidy意为“补助金,津贴”,与financing意义相符。
TEXTB
Certainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.Alllivingcreature,especiallyhumanbeings,havetheirpeculiarities,buteverythingaboutthelittleseacucumberseemsunusual.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutabizarreanimalthat,amongothereccentricities,eatsmud,feedsalmostcontinuouslydayandnightbutcanlivewithouteatingforlongperiods,andcanbepoisonousbutisconsideredsupremelyediblebygourmets?
Forsomefiftymillionyears,despiteallitseccentricities,theseacucumberhassubsistedonitsdietofmud.Itisadaptableenoughtoliveattachedtorocksbyitstubefeet,underrocksinshallowwater,oronthesurfaceofmudflats.
CommonincoolwateronbothAtlanticandPacificshores,ithastheabilitytosuckupmudorsandanddigestwhatevernutrientsarepresent.Seacucumberscomeinavarietyofcolors,rangingfromblacktoreddishbrowntosandcolorandnearlywhite.Oneformevenhasvividpurpletentacles.Usuallythecreaturesarecucumbershaped—hencetheirname—andbecausetheyaretypicallyrockinhabitants,thisshape,combinedwithflexibility,enablesthemtosqueezeintocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents.Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight,seacucumbershavethecapacitytobecomequiescentandliveatalowmetabolicrate—feedingsparinglyornotatallforlongperiods,sot
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