美国文学选读 马克吐温.docx
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美国文学选读 马克吐温.docx
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美国文学选读马克吐温
earlyWorks
1)ThecelebratedHumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,
加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙
2)TheInnocentsAbroad傻子出国记
3)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer
4)TheGildedAge镀金时代
5)AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur’sCourt
亚瑟宫廷中的美国佬
6)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn
7)RoughingIt(含辛茹苦)
8)LifeontheMississippi
lateworks:
1)TheTragedyofPudd‟nheadWilson(傻瓜威尔逊)
2)TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg
败坏了的赫德莱堡的人
Briefintroduction
●ThecelebratedHumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty
"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"isan1865shortstorybyMarkTwain.Itwashisfirstgreatsuccessasawriterandbroughthimnationalattention.Thestoryhasalsobeenpublishedas"JimSmileyandHisJumpingFrog"(itsoriginaltitle)and"TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty".Init,thenarratorretellsastoryheheardfromabartender,SimonWheeler,attheAngelsHotelinAngelsCamp,California,aboutthegamblerJimSmiley.Thenarratordescribeshim:
"Ifheevenseenastraddlebugstarttogoanywheres,hewouldbetyouhowlongitwouldtakehimtogettowhereverhegoingto,andifyoutookhimup,hewouldfollerthatstraddlebugtoMexicobutwhathewouldfindoutwherehewasboundforandhowlonghewasontheroad."TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,andOtherSketchesisalsothetitlestoryofan1867collectionofshortstoriesbyMarkTwain.ItwasTwain'sfirstbookandcollected27storiesthatwerepreviouslypublishedinmagazinesandnewspapers.
●TheInnocentsAbroad
TheInnocentsAbroad,orTheNewPilgrims'ProgressisatravelbookbyAmericanauthorMarkTwain,publishedin1869,whichhumorouslychronicleswhatTwaincalledhis"GreatPleasureExcursion"onboardthecharteredvesselQuakerCity(formerlyUSSQuakerCity),throughEuropeandtheHolyLand,withagroupofAmericantravelersin1867.Itwasthebest-sellingofTwain'sworksduringhislifetime,aswellasoneofthebest-sellingtravelbooksofalltime.Amajorthemeofthebook,insofarasabookcanhaveathemewhenassembledandrevisedfromthenewspapercolumnsTwainsentbacktoAmericaasthejourneyprogressed,isthatoftheconflictbetweenhistoryandthemodernworld;thenarratorcontinuallyencounterspettyprofiteeringandtrivializationsofhistoryashejourneys,aswellasastrangeemphasisplacedonparticularpastevents,andiseitheroutraged,puzzled,orboredbytheencounter.OneexamplecanbefoundinthesequenceduringwhichtheboathasstoppedatGibraltar.Onshore,thenarratorencountersseeminglydozensofpeopleintentonregalinghim,andeveryoneelse,withablandandpointlessanecdoteconcerninghowaparticularhillnearbyacquireditsname,heedlessofthefactthattheanecdoteis,indeed,bland,pointless,andentirelytoorepetitive.AnotherexamplemaybefoundinthediscussionofthestoryofAbelardandHeloise,wheretheskepticalAmericandeconstructsthestoryandcomestotheconclusionthatfartoomuchfusshasbeenmadeaboutthetwolovers.Onlywhentheshipreachesareasoftheworldthatdonotexploitforprofitorborepassers-bywithinexplicableinterestintheirhistory,suchasthepassagedealingwiththeship'stimeattheCanaryIslands,isthisattitudenotfoundinthetext.
●TheGildedAge
TheGildedAgeinUnitedStateshistoryisthelate19thcentury,fromthe1870stoabout1900.Thetermforthisperiodcameintouseinthe1920sand30sandwasderivedfromwriterMarkTwain's1873TheGildedAge:
ATaleofToday,whichsatirizedaneraofserioussocialproblemsmaskedbyathingoldgilding.TheearlyhalfoftheGildedAgeroughlycoincidedwiththemiddleportionoftheVictorianerainBritainandBelleÉpoqueinFrance.ItwasprecededbytheReconstructionErathatendedin1877andwassucceededbytheProgressiveErathatbeganinthe1890s.TheGildedAgewasaneraofrapideconomicgrowth,especiallyintheNorthandWest.AsAmericanwagesweremuchhigherthanthoseinEurope,especiallyforskilledworkers,theperiodsawaninfluxofmillionsofEuropeanimmigrants.Therapidexpansionofindustrializationledtorealwagegrowthof60%between1860and1890,spreadacrosstheever-increasinglaborforce.Theaverageannualwageperindustrialworker(includingmen,womenandchildren)rosefrom$380in1880to$564in1890,againof48%.However,theGildedAgewasalsoaneraofabjectpovertyandinequalityasmillionsofimmigrants—manyfromimpoverishedEuropeannations—pouredintotheUnitedStates,andthehighconcentrationofwealthbecamemorevisibleandcontentious.
●AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur’sCourt
thenarrator—impliedtobeTwainhimself—describesmeetingthetitlecharacteratWarwickCastle,drawnbyhis"candidsimplicity,hismarvelousfamiliaritywithancientarmor,andtherestfulnessofhiscompany"(0.1).TheYankee(a.k.a.Hank)askshimifheknowsanythingaboutthetransmigrationofsouls—kindofaweirdquestionforsomeoneyou'vejustmet,right?
Thenarratorsaysthathedoesn't.TheYankeedepartsandthenarratoravoidsboredombyreadingMalory(bigmistake),takinginastoryaboutSirLauncelotkillingtwogiants.Asthenarratorsetsthebookdown,hehearsaknockatthedoor.It'stheYankee.Thenarratorsitshimdown,andloosenshistonguewithcopiousamountsofboozetogethimtotellhisstory.TheYankeesaysthathewasbornandraisedinHartford,andthatheworkedastheheadsuperintendentofanarmsfactory.Hecouldmakenearlyanythingoutofmetal,includinggunsandcomplexmachinery.Oneday,duringafightwithoneoftheworkersnamedHercules,hegothitintheheadwithacrowbar.Um…serveshimrightforpickingafightwithaguynamedHercules.Anyway,Hankpassedoutandwhenhewokeup,hefoundhimselfsittingunderanoaktreeinthecountryside.nightonhorsebacktookhimcaptiveandledhimtoCamelot—turnsoutHankhadbeentransportedthirteencenturiesbackintime.Backinthepresent,theYankeestartstonodoff,sohegivesthenarratorhisjournaltoread.
●TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn
isaSequencetoTheAdventuresofTomSawyer.ThestorytakesplacealongtheMississippiRiverbeforetheCivilWarintheUnitedStates,around1850.Alongtheriverfloatsasmallraft,withtwopeopleonit:
One
isanignorant,uneducatedblackslavenamedJimandtheotherislittleuneducatedoutcastwhiteboyabouttheageof13,calledHuckleberryFinnorHuckFinn.ItisaSequencetoTheAdventuresofTomSawyer.ThestorytakesplacealongtheMississippiRiverbeforetheCivilWarintheUnitedStates,around1850.Alongtheriverfloatsasmallraft,withtwopeopleonit:
Oneisanignorant,uneducatedblackslavenamedJimandtheotherislittleuneducatedoutcastwhiteboyabouttheageof13,calledHuckleberryFinnorHuckFinn.
●TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg
ChapterI
Hadleyburgenjoysthereputationofbeingan"incorruptible"townknownforitsresponsible,honestpeoplethataretrainedtoavoidtemptation.However,atsomepointthepeopleofHadleyburgmanagetooffendapassingstranger,andhevowstogethisrevengebycorruptingthetown.Thestranger'splancentersaroundasackofgold(wortharound$40,000)hedropsoffinHadleyburgatthehouseofMr.andMrs.Richards,tobegiventoamaninthetownwhopurportedlygavehimsomelife-changingadvice(and20dollarsinatimeofneed)longago.Toidentifytheman,aletterwiththesacksuggeststhatanyonewhoclaimstoknowwhattheadvicewasshouldwritetheremarkdownandsubmitittoReverendBurgess,whowillopenthesackatapublicmeetingandfindtheactualremarkinside.Newsofthemysterioussackofgoldspreadsthroughoutthetownandevengainsattentionacrossthecountry.
ChapterII
TheresidentsbeamwithprideasstoriesofthesackandHadleyburg'shonestyspreadthroughoutthenation,butthemoodsoonchanges.Initiallyreluctanttogiveintothetemptationofthegold,sooneventhemostupstandingcitizensaretryingtoguesstheremark.Mr.andMrs.Richards,oneofthetown's19modelcouples,receivealetterfromastrangerrevealingtheremark:
"Youarefarfrombeingabadman:
go,andreform".Mrs.Richardsisecstaticthattheywillbeabletoclaimthegold.Unbeknownsttooneanother,all19coupleshavereceivedexactlythesameletter.TheysubmittheirclaimstoBurgessandbegintorecklesslypurchasethingsoncreditinanticipationoftheirfuturewealth.
ChapterIII
Thetownhallmeetingtodecidetherightfulownerofthesackarrives,anditispackedwithresidents,outsiders,andreporters.Burgessreadsthefirsttwoclaims,andadisputequicklyarisesbetweentwomembersofthetown,"Shadbelly"BillsonandLawyerWilson.Bothoftheirletterscontainnearlythesameremark.Tosettlewhichisright,Burgesscutsopenthesackandfindsthenotethatrevealsthefullremark:
"Youarefarfrombeingabadman—go,andreform—or,markmywords—someday,foryoursinsyouwilldieandgotohellorHadleyburg—tryandmakeittheformer".Neitherman'sclaimincludesthesecondhalfofremark.
Thenextclaimreadsthesame,andthetownhallburstsintolaughterattheobviousdishonestybehindtheidentical,incorrectclaims.Burgesscontinuestoreadtherestoftheclaims,allwiththesameremark,andonebyonetheprominentcouplesofthetownarepubliclyshamed.Mr.andMrs.Richardsawaittheirnamewithanguish,butsurprisinglyitisneverread.Withalltheclaimspresented,anothernoteinthesackisopened.Itrevealsthestranger'splotandhisdesireforrevenge.HesaysthatitwasfoolishforthecitizensofHadleyburgtoalwaysavoidtemptation,becauseitiseasytocorruptthosewhohaveneverhadtheirresolvetested.Itisdiscovered
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