语言学作业 第一章.docx
- 文档编号:18187983
- 上传时间:2023-08-13
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:8
- 大小:18.19KB
语言学作业 第一章.docx
《语言学作业 第一章.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学作业 第一章.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
语言学作业第一章
语言学作业
班级:
姓名:
Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics
I.Pleaseillustratethefollowingterms.
1.Arbitrariness:
Theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.
Thedifferentlevelsofarbitrariness:
(1)Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeicwords
(2)Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel:
languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.
(3)Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.
2.Duality
Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
3.Phaticcommunion
Phaticcommunionreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.
4.Synchroniclinguistics:
Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.
II.Pleasedistinguishthefollowingterms:
1.Languevs.Parole
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,thatis,thelexicon,grammar,andphonologyimplantedineachindividual,anditisthelinguist’sproperobject;
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangue,theimmediatelyaccessibledata.Whileparoleconstitutestheimmediatelyaccessibledata,anditisamassofconfusedfacts,soitisnotsuitableforsystematicinvestigation.
.
(1)Langueisabstract,whileparoleisspecifictothesituationinwhichitoccurs.
(2)Langueisnotactuallyspokenbyanyone,whileparoleisalwaysanaturallyoccurringevent.
(3)Langueisrelativelystable,systematicandsocial,whileparoleissubjecttopersonal,individualandsituationalconstraints.
(4)Langueisessentialwhileparoleisaccessoryandaccidental.
2.Descriptivevs.Prescriptive
Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.
Traditionalgrammarwasverystronglynormativeingrammarianstriedtolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall.Thatisprescriptive.
Theseattitudesarestillwithus,thoughpeoplerealizenowadaysthefactsofusagecountmorethantheauthority-made“standards”.Thenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwithdescriptioninsteadofprescription.
3.Synchronicvs.Diachronic
Synchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.Actuallysynchronyisafictionsinceanylanguageischangingastheminutespass.
Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.
4.Competencevs.Performance
AccordingtoChomsky:
Alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.
Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageortheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterancesinconcretesituations.
Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablewhilehisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors,soaspeaker’sperformancedoesnotalwaysorequalhissupposedcompetence.
Hebelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetenceratherthanperformance.
5.Languevs.Competence
AccordingtoChomsky:
Langueisasocialproduct,asystematicinventoryofrulesofthelanguage,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.
Competenceisdefinedfromthepsychologicalpointofview,isdeemedasapropertyofthemindofeachindividuals,orunderlyingcompetenceasasystemofgenerativeprocesses.
AccordingtoHymes:
Heapproacheslanguagefromasocio-culturalviewpointwiththeaimofstudyingthevarietiesofwaysofspeakingonthepartofindividualandthecommunity.
Heextendednotionofcompetence,restrictedbyChomskytoaknowledgeofgrammar,toincorporatethepragmaticabilityforlanguageuse.Thisextendedideaofcompetencecanbecalledcommunicativecompetence.
III.Answerthefollowingquestionsinbrief:
1.Thefollowingaresomebooktitlesoflinguistics.Canyoujudgethesynchronicordiachronicorientationjustfromthetitles
1)EnglishExamined:
TwoCenturiesofCommentontheMotherTongue
2)ProteanShape:
AStudyinEighteenth-centuryVocabularyandUsage
3)PejorativeSenseDevelopmentinEnglish
4)TheCategoriesandTypesofPresent-DayEnglishWord-Formation
5)LanguageintheInnerCity:
StudiesintheBlackEnglishVernacular
1)diachronic2)synchronic3)diachronic4)synchronic
5)Wecan’tjudgewhetheritissynchronicordiachronicorientationjustfromthetitles.
2.WhatislanguageWhatislinguistics
Languagecanbedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationandinteraction.
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyofhumanlanguage.Theaimsoflinguistictheory:
1)whatisknowledgeoflanguage(Competence)2)howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired(Acquisition)3)howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse(Performance/languageprocessing).Mainbranchesoflinguistics:
Phonetics,PhonologyMorphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics.
3.Howdoyouunderstandperformativefunctionoflanguage
Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersonsorthesituationsofevents,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.
Thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.
Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.Forexample,inChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipinganasameansofcontrollingtheinvisibleforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlivesadversely.
IV.Discussthefollowingquestionindetail.
Howdoyouinterprettheviewpointthat“arbitrarinessisamatterofdegree”
1)Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeicwords:
ThedogbarksbowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese.
2)Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel:
languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.
Hecameinandsatdown.
Hesatdownandcamein.
Hesatdownafterhecamein.
3)Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.
Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative.
Conventionalityoflanguagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious.
Chapter2SpeechSounds
I.Completethefollowingstatements.
1.Humanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thisqualityislabeledas__________.
2.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith“voiced,__________,stop.”
3.Thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,,are_________.
4.Bothsemanticsand________investigatelinguisticmeaning,buttheyfocusondifferentaspects.
5.Ifcertainlinguisticstriestolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall,itis___________linguistics.
6.Phonesthatfallintoallophonesofaphonemehavetosatisfytwoconditions,oneistheyare___________________,andanotheristhattheyshouldbein_____________________.
7.Thevowel________ishighfronttenseunrounded.
8.Adogcannottellpeoplethatitsmasterwillbehomeinafewdays,becauseitslanguagedoesnothavethefeatureof___________.
9.Computationallinguisticsoftenreferstotheproblemsof________________,informationretrieval,and______________.
10.Hallidayproposedatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehas___________,____________and_____________functions.
II.Definethefollowingterms.
1.Mannerofarticulation:
2.Distinctivefeatures:
3.Intonation:
4.Assimilation:
III.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.
1.Specifythedifferencebetweeneachpairofsoundsusingdistinctivefeatures.
1)[l][ł]2)[ph][p]3)[b][d]4)[k][g]5)[I][u]
2.Workoutthefeaturesofthefollowingsounds.
1)[th]________________________________________
2)[w]________________________________________
3)[v]________________________________________
4)[ð]_________________________________________
5)[l]__________________________________________
3.InsomedialectsofEnglishthefollowingwordshavedifferentvowels,asshownbythephonetictranscription.Basedonthesedata,answerthequestionsthatfollow.
AB.C
bite[bʌit]bide[baid]tie[tai]
rice[rʌis]rise[raiz]by[bai]
type[tʌip]bribe[braib]sigh[sai]
wife[wʌif]wives[waivz]die[dai]
tyke[tʌik]time[taim]why[wai]
1)WhatisthedifferenceofthesoundsthatendthewordsincolumnsAandB
2)HowdothewordsincolumnCdifferfromthoseincolumnAandB
3)Are[ʌi]and[ai]incomplementarydistributionGiveyourreasons.
4)Whatarethephonetictranscriptionsof(a)lifeand(b)lives
5)WhatwouldthephonetictranscriptionsofthefollowingwordsbeinthedialectsofEnglishshowninthedata
(a)trial(b)bike(c)lice
(d)fly(e)mine
6)Statetherulethatwillrelatethephonemicrepresentationstobephonetictranscriptionsofthewordsgivenabove.
IV.Discussthequestionsindetails.
1.Illustratephoneme,phoneandallophone.
2.Towhatextentisphonologyrelatedotphoneticsandhowdotheydiffer
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学作业 第一章 语言学 作业