美国文学中的自然主义.docx
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美国文学中的自然主义.docx
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美国文学中的自然主义
NATURALISMINAMERICANLITERATURE
Contents
1.introduction1
2.NaturalismLiteratureinAmerican2
2.1OriginofNaturalismLiterature2
2.2TheDevelopmentofNaturalismLiteratureintheUSA3
3.StephenCraneandNaturalism4
3.1The“Precursors”StephenCrane4
3.2TheCreateBackgroundofTheOpenBoat5
4.AnanalysisonAmericanNaturalismLiteraturefromTheOpenBoat6
4.1 NatureinTheOpenBoat6
4.2TheFightbetweenHumanandNature9
4.3TheRelationshipbetweenManandMan10
4.4LifeofHope12
4.5TheGrowthofPersonalandtheSublimationofSprint13
5.Conclusion14
6.Bibliography15
1.introduction
NaturalismtheoryisbasedonthetheoryofpositivismpresentedbyafamousFrenchphilosopherIsidoreMarieAugusteFrançoisXavierComte(1798-1857).Asaproductofsocialdevelopmenttoacertainstage,naturalismisregardedasanewdevelopmentofpositivism.Itisalsobeencalledlightrealismorpessimisticrealism.Insteadofrevealthenatureauthenticallywhichrecognizedbyindividuals,itpresentsapower,forexamplethesocialpower,socialreform,inheritanceandenvironment,thatcannotbecontrol,conveyingatheorythatthehumanbeingsarelivinginamechanizedworld.AmericannaturalismcouldtracebacktothetransitionofsocialvaluesintheprocessofAmericanindustrialization.Itpromulgatesthedeep-seatedproblemsofmodernAmericansocietycorevaluesandexploresthehistoricalchangesofintricateculturalmode,socialmentalityandindividualbehaviorduringtheprocessofindustrializationandthepost-industrialization.AstherepresentativeworkofnaturalisminAmericanliterature,“TheOpenBoat(1898)”iscreatedbyfamousAmericanwriterStephenCrane(1871-1900)whocreatesthisworkthroughhisownexperienceofmarineperilsonthewaytoCuba.ItisafamousshortstoryofAmericanliterature,depictinghowfourmenstruggleandfighttotheoceanforsurvivingwithadelicatedescription.Inthestoryof“TheOpenBoat”,therelationshipbetweennaturalandhuman,hopeanddesperate,humanandhumanandindividualgrowthpresentthenaturalismvividly.ThearticlewilldiscusstheoriginandthedevelopmentofnaturalismliteratureintheUSA,andthengiveanintroductionofStephenCraneaswellashisrepresentativework“TheOpenBoat”andmakeananalysiswithnaturalism.
Keywords:
Naturalism;Americanliterature;TheOpenBoat
2.NaturalismLiteratureinAmerican
Naturalismisregardedasatypeofliteraturethataimsatapplyingscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetachmenttothestudyofhumanbeings.Unlikerealism,whichfocusesonliterarytechnique,naturalismimpliesaphilosophicalposition.Inrelationtothisobjectivestudyofhumanbeings,naturalisticwritersbelievedthatthelawsbehindtheforcesthatgovernhumanlives.Naturalisticwritersthususedaversionofthescientificmethodtowritetheirnovels;theystudiedhumanbeingsgovernedbytheirinstinctsandpassionsaswellasthewaysinwhichthecharacters'livesweregovernedbyforcesofheredityandenvironment.Althoughtheyusedthetechniquesofaccumulatingdetailpioneeredbytherealists,thenaturaliststhushadaspecificobjectinmindwhentheychosethesegmentofrealitythattheywishedtoconvey.
2.1OriginofNaturalismLiterature
SincetherenaissanceofEuropeanliterature,thenaturalism,anewliteratureideologicaltrend,hassprungout,experiencingtheevolutionoftheclassicism,enlightenmentandRomanticism.ItisanideologyoriginatedfromFranceandgraduallypropagatedtoGerman,UK,SpainandJapan,ItalyandtheUSaswellasmanyLatinAmericacountriesandregions,replacingthecriticalrealismthatflourishedinthatperiodandbecomingtheliterarymainstreamaroundtheworldinlate19thcenturytoearly20thcentury.
Naturalismliteratureisbasedonthetheoryofthecriticalrealism.DuringthereignofNapoleon,form1851thebeginningofthepoliticalreformto1871theendingofthefranco-prussianwar,Francewasreachedaturbulentsociety.Ononehand,politicalandeconomicadventurersdisruptedsocialethosbyjobberyandextravagantanddissipatedcomforts,ontheotherhand,thegeneralciviliansstruggledagainstignoranceandpoverty.Inrelationtothis,someinsightmencriticizedthisgeneralmoodofsocietybravelybycriticizingandsatirizingintheirarticle.
WiththegradualdevelopmentofFrance,thecapitalistindustrializationhadbeendoneandnewinventionsandtechnologyhasbeenadopted.Theactiveproductivitywasbasedonthedevelopmentofnaturalsciencewhichreverselyimpactedandpromotedthedevelopmentofscientificresearch.Therefore,thedevelopmentofnaturalsciencehasledtotherapiddevelopmentinthefieldofphilosophy,sociology,psychologyandliterature.Thusthenaturalismliteraturehasbeencreatedwiththepowerfuldrivingforcebythescience,civilizationandthehistory.
2.2TheDevelopmentofNaturalismLiteratureintheUSA
AmericanliterarynaturalismiswellknownforitsformalengagementwithdeterminationandabstractionanditsthematicpreoccupationwithAnglo-Saxondegeneration.Inthelastdecadeofthenineteenthcentury,withthedevelopmentofindustryandmodernscience,intelligentmindsbegantoseethatmanwasnolongerafreeethicalbeinginacold,indifferentandessentiallygodlessuniverse.Inthischanceworldhewasbothhelplessandhopeless.EuropeanwriterslikeEmileZolahaddevelopedthisacutesocialconsciousness.Theysawman’slifeasgovernedbythetwoforcesofheredityandenvironment,forcesabsolutelybeyondman’scontrol.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar,bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage,andbythedisturbingteachingsofDarwinism.
Inthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyEmileZola(2April1840–29September1902),wasaFrenchwriter,themostimportantexemplaroftheliteraryschoolofnaturalismandanimportantcontributortothedevelopmentoftheatricalnaturalism.Oneofthemostfar-reachingintellectualeventsofthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturywasthepublicationin1859ofCharlesDarwin’sTheOriginofSpeciesAmericanwritersacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofevolutionarytheoryandadoptedthispessimisticformofrealism.Ofcourse,everyoneincorporatedtheirindividualassumptionintohisorherworks.Attheendofthenineteenthcenturycameagenerationofwriterswhoseideasoftheworkingsoftheuniverseandwhoseperceptionofsociety’sdisordersledthemtonaturalism,anewandharsherrealism.
Americanliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalismemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.ThepessimismanddeterministicideasofnaturalismpervadedtheworksofsuchAmericanwritersasStephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondonandTheodoreDreiser.
Crane’sMaggie:
AGirloftheStreetsisthefirstAmericannaturalismwork.Norris’sTeagueisthemanifestoofAmericannaturalism.Dreiser’sSisterCarrieistheworkinwhichnaturalismattainedmaturity.Thesewriters’detaileddescriptionofthelivesofthedowntroddenandtheabnormal,theirfranktreatmentsofhumanpassionandsexuality,andtheirportrayalofmenandwomenoverwhelmedbyblindforcesofnaturestillexertapowerfulinfluenceonmodernwriters.
Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.ThiscombinationofgrimrealityanddesireforimprovementsistypicalofAmericaasitmovedintothetwentiethcentury.
3.StephenCraneandNaturalism
Cranewasagreatstylistandamasterofthecontradictoryeffect.Stephenwasbornin1871anddiedin1900.Helivedalifeofrebellion—againsthisstrictupbringing,hisschoolanduniversity,andwhatheconsideredapoorlyregulated,unjustsociety.
3.1The“Precursors”StephenCrane
AsthefourteenthandyoungestchildofMethodist,activeconcernwithsocialwelfareandpublicmorals,Cranefirstchafedagainsttheconstraintsofhisstructuredfamilylife.HisfatherwasastrictMethodistminister,whodiedin1880,leavinghisdevout,strongmothertoraisetherestofthefamily.Cranelastedthroughpreparatoryschool,butspentlessthantwoyearsincollege.Whenhewas22,CraneescapedtoNewYorkCitywherehelivedinover-crowdedslums.Therehecollectedfirsthandinformationforhisfirstnovel:
Maggie:
aGirloftheStreets.HistimesinNewYorkCityweresplitbetweenhisapartmentintheBowerysluminManhattanandwell-offfamilyinthenearbytownofPortJervis.CranepublishedMaggiein1893athisownexpense.Cranepublishedthisnovelhimselfunderapseudonym.Butitturnedoutthatthenovelwasafailurebecauseofitsfrank,realisticdescriptionoflifeintheslumsofNewYorkCity(Lin,T.&Songtao,W.2010).
Craneworkedasajournalist.HewashiredtogotoCubaasajournalisttoreportontherebellionthereagainsttheSpanish.Onthewaytotheisland,Cranewasinashipwreck,fromwhichhewasoriginallyreporteddead.Atthispoint,rumorsaboundedaboutCrane,fewofthemgood.Therewastalkofdrugaddiction,rampantpromiscuity,andevenSatanism,noneofthemtrue.CranewasdisgustedwiththemandeventuallyrelocatedtoEngland.Hissecondn
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