ASSDTS.docx
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ASSDTS.docx
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ASSDTS
DescriptiveTranslationStudies(DTS)
AlsoknownasthePolysystemApproach,theManipulationSchool,theTel-AvivLeuvenAxis,theDescriptive,EmpiricalorSystemicSchool,ortheLowCountriesGroup,DTScorrespondstoadescriptive,empirical,interdisciplinary,target-orientedapproachtothestudyoftranslation,focusingespeciallyonitsroleinculturalhistory.Thisapproachwasfirstdevelopedintheearly1970s,gainedmomentuminthe1980s,boomedinthe1990s,andstillinspiresseveralresearchersseekingto“delveintotranslationasculturalandhistoricalphenomena,toexploreitscontextanditsconditioningfactors,tosearchforgroundsthatcanexplainwhythereiswhatthereis”(Hermans1999:
5).
JamesMcFarlane,JiriLevyandAntonPopovic:
aDescriptiveStudyofTranslation,TranslationNorms,DecisionsandShifts
ThreeprecursorsofDTSmustnotgounmentioned:
JamesMcFarlane,JiriLevyandAntonPopovic.DTSmaybetracedbacktoJamesMcFarlane’sessay“ModesofTranslation”(1953),inwhichtheauthoradvocatesasystematicdescriptivestudyof“whattranslationisandcanberatherthanwhatitoughttobebutneveris”(1953:
93).Hestressestheimportanceofthetranslationprocessforthestudyoftranslation–“translationisastranslationdoes”(1953:
93)–andsuggestsmanybynowcommonplaceideas,suchasthenecessarilyinterdisciplinarynatureofthisstudy(for“translationbordersontoomanyprovinces”),theneedtostudyauthenticlanguageuse(becausetranslationis“acomplexactofcommunication”),ortheneedtoconsiderwhatiswithinandbeyondthecontrolofthetranslatorasacontextuallyconstrained,decision-makingagent.
JiriLevy’smonographonliterarytranslation,publishedinCzechin1963,setoutforthefirsttimetheimportanceofhistoricallyvariabletranslationalnorms(“Übersetzungsnorm”)ascontextualconstraintsfortranslationwork,aswellastheneedforascientificanalysisoftheconcreteactionsmotivatedbysuchanunderlyingmodelfortranslationandtranslating(Levy1969:
25,28-29).Intheessay“TranslationasaDecisionProcess”,publishedin1967,thetranslatingprocessisinnovativelydescribed,byanalogywithagameofchess,asasequenceofconsciousproblem-solvingdecisionsmadebythetranslatorwithinasetofparadigmaticalternativesolutionsthataresyntagmaticallyconstrainedbypreviousselectionsandwill,inturn,constrainsubsequentdecisions.
Intheessay“Theconcept‘ShiftofExpression’inTranslationAnalysis”(1970),theSlovaktheoristAntonPopovicdefinestranslationasatransferprocessinvolvingshifts(notnecessarilyerrors),gainsandlosses,andhighlightstheneedforthetranslatortonegotiatenotonlytwolanguages,butalsotwosetsofsocial,linguisticandliterarynormsandsystems,correspondingtothesourceandtargetcultures.Theimportanceofthesetwopolesfortranslationisstressedintheformulationoftheinnovativedefinitionoftranslationshiftsnotonlyasthesource-oriented“allthatappearsasnewwithrespecttotheoriginal”,butalsoasthetarget-oriented“[allthat]failstoappearwhereitmighthavebeenexpected”(Popovic1970:
79).Thedescriptivenotionsoftranslationalnorms,decisionsandshiftsweretobecomebasicelementsintheconceptualframeworkofDTS.
JamesS.Holmes:
DescriptiveTranslationStudies
ResponsibleforthenameofthedisciplineinEnglishaswellasforitsmostinfluentialmap,theAmsterdam-basedAmericanresearcherJamesS.HolmesnamedthedisciplineTranslationStudies,stressingthatit“wouldnotbewisetocontinuereferringtothedisciplinebyitssubjectmatter”,whichwouldmeanfailingtodistinguishtheterritoryfromthemap.Significantlystartingwiththeword“science”andareflectiononthehardandsoftsciencesandtheirrelationtotheemergingdiscipline,theseminal1972paperentitled“TheNameandNatureofTranslationStudies”alsoexplainsthechoiceof“studies”asameansofexplicitlyaffiliatingthedisciplineintotheartsorthehumanities.Asafieldofpureresearch,TranslationStudiesisthendefinedasanempiricaldisciplinewiththedualpurposeofdescribing“thephenomenaoftranslatingandtranslation(s)astheymanifestthemselvesintheworldofourexperience”and,basedonsuchdescriptions,offormulatinggeneralprinciplesthatallowonetobothexplainandpredicttranslationalphenomena(Holmes1988/2000:
176).ThemapofthedisciplineencompassesafirstbinarydivisionbetweenthebranchesofPureandAppliedTranslationStudies(whichincludestranslationteaching,theproductionoftranslationaids,devisingtranslationpoliciesandtranslationcriticism)(SEEAPPLIEDTS).PureTranslationStudiesarefurthersubdividedintotwobranches:
DescriptiveTranslationStudies(withtheaimofdescribingthephenomenaoftranslationandtranslating)andTranslationTheory(withthepurposeofexplainingandpredictingtranslationalphenomena,andtherebyproducinggeneralorpartialtheories,suchasmedium-,area-,rank-,text-type-,time-orproblem-restrictedtheories).
ThebranchofDTS,whichisnowadaysfrequentlyusedasasynonymforliterarytranslationstudiesintheEnglish-speakingcommunity(Snell-Hornby2006:
42),encompassesthreemainkindsofresearch,assuggestedbyHolmes.Product-orientedDTSfocusesonthedescriptionofindividualtranslations,thecomparativedescriptionsofseveraltranslationsofthesamesourcetext(eitherinthesamelanguageorindifferentlanguages)andthedescriptionoflargercorpusesoftranslation,finallyaccomplishedtwentyyearslateratthebeginningofthe1990sbycorpus-basedtranslationstudies,assuggestedinBaker(1993,1995).Function-orientedDTSresearchescontextsratherthantranslatedtexts,consideringthestudyofthefunction,influenceandvalueoftranslationinthetargetcontext,themappingoftranslationsandtheanalysisoftheeffectsoftranslationupontheircontext,which–asalreadypredictedbytheauthor–hasledtoarecentfocusonthesociologyoftranslation(WolfandFukari2007).Process-orientedDTSaimsatasystematicdescriptionofwhatgoesoninthetranslator’smindwhiletranslating,whichresultsintranslationpsychology,butmayalsocomprehendthestudyofmoreconsciousdecision-makingprocesses,thechoiceofoverallstrategiesortheorganizationoftranslationserviceproviders(Malmkjaer2005:
18).
InastatementthatwouldproverelevantfortheforthcomingevolutionanddiscussionofDTS,Holmeshighlightstheimportanceofmaintainingpuretranslationstudiesindependentofanyappliedgoal,i.e.as“researchpursuedforitsownsake,quiteapartfromanydirectpracticalapplicationoutsideitsownterrain”(1988/2000:
176).
VandenBroeck,Hermans,Holmes,Lambert,Lefevere,Toury:
theManipulationSchool
Basedonsuchcontributions,agroupofscholarsincludingRaymondvandenBroeck(Antwerp),TheoHermans(WarwickandLondon),JamesS.Holmes(Amsterdam),JoséLambert(Leuven),AndréLefevere(AntwerpandAustin)andGideonToury(TelAviv)carriedoutdescriptiveresearchontranslation,withaspecialfocusontranslatedliterature,undertheinfluenceoftheIsraelischolarItamarEven-Zohar’sPolysystemTheory,aspublishedinPapersinHistoricalPoetics(1979)(SEEPOLYSYSTEMTHEORY).ThreeseminalconferencestakingplaceinLeuven(1976),TelAviv(1978)andAntwerp(1980)alsobroughttogetherotherparticipantswhosenamesareassociatedwiththisgroup,suchasSusanBassnett(Warwick),KatrinvanBragt(Leuven),LievenD’Hulst(Leuven),ZoharShavit(TelAviv),MariaTymoczko(Massachusetts)orShellyYahalom(WarwickandLondon).LaterrecruitsincludeDirkDelabastita(LeuvenandNamur),SalihaParker(Istanbul)orTheresaHyun,amongothers(Hermans1999:
12).AsanewdescriptiveandsystemicparadigmofTranslationStudies,DTSissaidtohaveemergedinthe1980sduetothecontributionofthesescholars,whogroupedaroundtheinnovativeideaspublishedbyGideonTouryinthevolumeInSearchofaTheoryofTranslation(1980).
TheManipulationofLiterature,a1985volumeofessayseditedbyTheoHermans,heraldedthisnewparadigmforthestudyofliterarytranslationandinspiredthedesignationTheManipulationGrouporSchoolforatarget-orientedapproach,accordingtowhich“alltranslationimpliesadegreeofmanipulationofthesourcetextforacertainpurpose”(Hermans1985:
11),asaresulteitherofintentionalchoicesmadebythetranslatororoftargetsystemconstraints.Accordingtothisgroupofscholars,thedescriptivestudyoftranslatedliteraturehastobreakthepresuppositionsoftheevaluativesource-oriented“conventionalapproachtoliterarytranslation”,basedonthesupremacyofthe(naivelyromanticideaofthe)“original”andtheassumptionoftranslationasasecond-handandgenerallysecond-rate,error–proneandinadequatereproductionthereof.Inoppositiontoprescriptive,source-textoriented,formalisticandatomisticapproachestothestudyoftranslation,thesescholarsshareaninnovativecommonground,summarizedbyTheoHermansinhisintroductiontoTheManipulationofLiterature:
Whattheyhaveincommonisaviewofliteratureasacomplexanddynamicsystem;aconvictionthatthereshouldbeacontinualinterplaybetweentheoreticalmodelsandpracticalcasestudies;anapproachtoliterarytranslationwhichisdescriptive,target-oriented,functionalandsystemic;andaninterestinthenormsandconstraintsthatgoverntheproductionandreceptionoftranslations,intherelationbetweentranslationandothertypesoftextprocessing,andintheplaceandroleoftranslationsbothwithinagivenliteratureandintheinteractionbetweenliteratures.(Hermans1985:
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