计算机外文翻译.docx
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计算机外文翻译.docx
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计算机外文翻译
计算机外文翻译
外文翻译原文及译文
Isteam-orientedandteambuilding・Persistingindemocraticcentralism,improvethelevelofteamsciencedecision,ademocraticdecision.Strengtheningtheconceptofcollectiveleadership,bycollectivediscussionsanddecisionsonmajorissues・5years,betweenmembersoftheteamdidFrank,equaltreatment,mutualtrust,mutualsupportandformainnovation-oriented,democraticsolidarityanddiligentpeople,honesttypeoffourgoodteams・Second,focusonthetransformationofworkstyle・Requiresteammemberstoactivelythink,activeofficerstoorganizework,activeinspectionwork,initiative,bytheOfficeandoftheprimarystationandvillage(community),andmakesureregardlessofDivisionoflaborandmutualsupport,mutualHelpandcomplementeachother,understandeachother,improveleadershipskillsofmanaging・Thirdpartyorganizationsareweakandlax,strengtheningregulation(community)partyorganizationsandcadres,improveservicelevels,andenhanceteameffectiveness・Theworkstyleofthepartymembersandcadresinthewholetownhasbeenfurtherchanges・2・thecadres,andimprovetheoverallqualityofpartymembersandcadres・First,graspthecadresteamconstruction.Cadresofthenewandimprovedtheregulation,thetownvillageappraisalmethods,trainingofpartymembersandother8work,effectivelypromotethework,putanendtothepreviousshuffle,prevaricationisnotresponsibleforthephenomenon.Second,strengtheningtheconstructionofgrassrootspartyorganizationsandpartymembers・CatchthepartybranchSecretaryofteam-building,improvingoverallquality・Healthyvillage(community)cadreappointmentsystem・Perfectvillage
JSPapplicationframeworks
Whatareapplicationframeworks:
Aframeworkisareusable,semi-completeapplicationthatcanbespecializedto
producecustomapplications[Johnson]・Likepeople,softwareapplicationsaremorealikethantheyaredifferent・Theyrunonthesamecomputers,expectinputfromthesamedevices,outputtothesamedisplays,andsavedatatothesameharddisks・Developersworkingonconventionaldesktopapplicationsareaccustomedtotoolkitsanddevelopmentenvironmentsthatleveragethesamenessbetweenapplications.Applicationframeworksbuildonthiscommongroundtoprovidedeveloperswithareusablestructurethatcanserveasthefoundationfortheirownproducts・
Aframeworkprovidesdeveloperswithasetofbackbonecomponentsthathavethefollowingcharacteristics:
1.Theyareknowntoworkwellinotherapplications・
2・Theyarereadytousewiththenextproject・
3.Theycanalsobeusedbyotherteamsintheorganization.
Frameworksaretheclassicbuild-versus-buyproposition.Ifyoubuildit,youwillunderstanditwhenyouaredone一buthowlongwillitbebeforeyoucanrollyourown?
Ifyoubuyit,youwillhavetoclimbthelearningcurve一andhowlongisthatgoingtotake?
Thereisnorightanswerhere,butmostobserverswouldagreethatframeworkssuchasStrutsprovideasignificantreturnoninvestmentcomparedtostartingfromscratch,especiallyforlargerprojects・
Othertypesofframeworks:
Theideaofaframeworkappliesnotonlytoapplicationsbuttoapplicationcomponentsaswel1・Throughoutthisarticle,weintroduceothertypesofframeworksthatyoucanusewithStruts・TheseincludetheLucenesearchengine,theScaffoldtoolkit,theStrutsvalidator,andtheTilestaglibrary.Likeapplicationframeworks,thesetoolsprovidesemi-completeversionsofasubsystemthatcanbespecializedtoprovideacustom
1
论文题H,注:
根据自己题LI改写,
component・
Someframeworkshavebeenlinkedtoaproprietarydevelopmentenvironment・ThisisnotthecasewithStrutsoranyoftheotherframeworksshowninthisbook・YoucanuseanydevelopmentenvironmentwithStruts:
VisualAgeforJava,JBuilder,Eclipse,Emacs,andTextpadareallpopularchoicesamongStrutsdevelopers・IfyoucanuseitwithJava,youcanuseitwithStruts・
Enablingtechnologies:
ApplicationsdevelopedwithStrutsarebasedonanumberofenabling
technologies.ThesecomponentsarenotspecifictoStrutsandunderlieeveryJavawebapplication.AreasonthatdevelopersuseframeworkslikeStrutsistohidethenastydetailsbehindacronymslikeHTTP,CGI,andJSP・AsaStrutsdeveloper,youdon'tneedtobeanalphabetsoupguru,butaworkingknowledgeofthesebasetechnologiescanhelpyoudevisecreativesolutionstotrickyproblems・
HypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP):
Whenmediatingtalksbetweennations,diplomatsoftenfollowaformalprotoco1・
Diplomaticprotocolsaredesignedtoavoidmisunderstandingsandtokeepnegotiationsfrombreakingdown・Inasimilarvein,whencomputersneedtotalk,theyalsofollowaformalprotoco1.Theprotocoldefineshowdataistransmittedandhowtodecodeitonceitarrives・WebapplicationsusetheHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP)tomovedatabetweenthebrowserrunningonyourcomputerandtheapplicationrunningontheserver・
ManyserverapplicationscommunicateusingprotocolsotherthanHTTP.Someofthesemaintainanongoingconnectionbetweenthecomputers・Theapplicationserverknowsexactlywhoisconnectedatalltimesandcantellwhenaconnectionisdropped・Becausetheyknowthestateofeachconnectionandtheidentityofeachpersonusingit,theseareknownasstatefulprotocols・
Bycontrast,HTTPisknownasastatelessprotoco1・AnHTTPserverwillacceptanyrequestfromanyclientandwillalwaysprovidesometypeofresponse,eveniftheresponseisjusttosayno.Withouttheoverheadofnegotiatingandretainingaconnection,statelessprotocolscanhandlealargevolumeofrequests・Thisisonereasonwhythe
Isteam-orientedandteambuilding・Persistingindemocraticcentralism,improvethelevelofteamsciencedecision,ademocrat2icdecision.Strengtheningtheconceptofcollectiveleadership,bycollectivediscussionsanddecisionsonmajorissues・5years,betweenmembersoftheteamdidFrank,equaltreatment,mutualtrust,mutualsupportandformainnovation~oriented,democraticsolidarityanddiligentpeople,honesttypeoffourgoodteams・Second,focusonthetransformationofworkstyle・Requiresteammemberstoactivelythink,activeofficerstoorganizework,activeinspectionwork,initiative,bytheOfficeandoftheprimarystationandvillage(community),andmakesureregardlessofDivisionoflaborandmutualsupport,mutualHelpandcomplementeachother,understandeachother,improveleadershipskillsofmanaging・Thirdpartyorganizationsareweakandlax,strengtheningregulation(community)partyorganizationsandcadres,improveservicelevels,andenhanceteameffectiveness・Theworkstyleofthepartymembersandcadresinthewholetownhasbeenfurtherchanges・2.thecadres,andimprovetheoverallqualityofpartymembersandcadres・First,graspthecadresteamconstruction.Cadresofthenewandimprovedtheregulation,thetownvillageappraisalmethods,trainingofpartymembersandother8work,effectivelypromotethework,putanendtothepreviousshuffle,prevaricationisnotresponsibleforthephenomenon.Second,strengtheningtheconstructionofgrassrootspartyorganizationsandpartymembers・CatchthepartybranchSecretaryofteam-building,improvingoverallquality・Healthyvillage(community)cadreappointmentsystem・Perfectvillage
Internethasbeenabletoscaletomillionsofcomputers・
AnotherreasonHTTPhasbecometheuniversalstandardisitssimplicity・AnHTTPrequestlookslikeanordinarytextdocument・ThishasmadeiteasyforapplicationstomakeHTTPrequests・YoucanevensendanHTTPrequestbyhandusingastandardutilitysuchasTelnet・WhentheHTTPresponsecomesback,itisalsoinplaintextthatdeveloperscanread・
ThefirstlineintheHTTPrequestcontainsthemethod,followedbythelocation
oftherequestedresourceandtheversionofHTTP・ZeroormoreHTTPrequestheadersfollowtheinitialline・TheHTTPheadersprovideadditionalinformationtotheserver・Thiscanincludethebrowsertypeandversion,acceptabledocumenttypes,andthebrowser*scookies,justtonameafew.Ofthesevenrequestmethods,GETandPOSTare
byfarthemostpopular・
Oncetheserverhasreceivedandservicedtherequest,itwillissueanHTTPresponse・ThefirstlineintheresponseiscalledthestatuslineandcarriestheHTTPprotocolversion,anumericstatus,andabriefdescriptionofthestatus・Followingthestatusline,theserver
willreturnasetofHTTPresponseheadersthatworkinawaysimilartotherequestheaders・
Aswementioned,HTTPdoesnotpreservestateinformationbetweenrequests・Theserverlogstherequest,sendstheresponse,andgoesblissfullyontothenextrequest・Whilesimpleandefficient,astatelessprotocolisproblematicfordynamicapplicationsthatneedtokeeptrackoftheirusers・(Ignoranceisnotalwaysbliss・
CookiesandURLrewritingaretwocommonwaystokeeptrackofusersbetweenrequests・Acookieisaspecialpacketofinformationontheuser*scomputer・URLrewritingstoresaspecialreferenceinthepageaddressthataJavaservercanusetotrackusers・Neitherapproachisseamless,andusingeithermeansextraworkwhendevelopingawebapplication.Onitsown,astandardHTTPwebserverdoesnottrafficindynamiccontent・Itmainlyusestherequesttolocateafileandthenreturnsthatfileintheresponse・ThefileistypicallyformattedusingHypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML)[W3C,HTML]thatthewebbrowsercanformatanddisplay.TheHTMLpageoftenincludeshypertextlinkstootherwebpagesandmaydisplayanynumberofothergoodies,suchasimagesand
3
论文题山注:
根据自己题u改写,
videos・Theuserclicksalinktomakeanotherrequest,andtheprocessbeginsane
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