浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料.docx
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浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料.docx
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浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料
定义
1、Interculturalcommunicationp6
TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandwesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication.”InterculturalcommunicationcanhelpInterpretwhatforeignersmean。
2、Culturep13
AwhitefarmerinIllinois,ablackbankerinNewYorkandaLatinoWalmartworkerinMiamilookdifferentontheoutside,buttheideasandinformationintheirheadswillhavemuchincommon。
Youcouldsaytheyarethreedifferentbandsofcomputersthatlookdifferentontheoutside,buthavealotofthesamesoftwareanddata.Itisthesesharedideasthatmakeagroupofpeopleintoaculture.Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.
3、Stereotypesp15
Itisaderogatoryword。
Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow。
Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow。
Theygiveusthemistakenideathataculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture。
4、Interpretationp24对外国人进行揣摩
Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Interpretationisapartofallcommunication—eventhemostsimpleconversations.Thewordsonlyconveypartofthemeaningofthemessage,soyouneedtouseotherevidencetohelpyouinterpretwhathemeansanddecidehowtorespond.Thewayyouinterpretwordsandactionsofindividualforeignerswillshapehowyouevaluatethosepeople.
5、Individualistp32
Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals。
Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist。
Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers。
6、Collectivistp32
Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.
7、Hierarchyp50
Hierarchyisdifferencesinrankandpower。
Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality。
Westernculturestrytode—emphasizedifferencesinrankandpowerbycreatingasmuchappearanceofequalityaspossibleandemphasizeegalitarian(平等主义)morethanothers。
8、Cultureshock/fatigue文化冲击P58
Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculturecanleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock/fatigue"。
Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable。
Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.
9、Highcontext背景重要的文化(中日)
Incollectivistcultures,peopletendtocommunicateinawaythatismoreindirectandsubtle,andlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinterpretingmessagescorrectly.Thiscommunicationstyleiscalled“highcontext”becausepeopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplace-whothespeakeris,whereandwhytheconversationistakingplace,bodylanguage,andsoforth。
Theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantotheactualwordssaid.Peopleinhighcontextculturesoftenviewdirect,explicitcommunicationasunsophisticatedorevenrude。
10、Lowcontext背景不重要的文化
ThewayWesternerscommunicatetendstoberelativelyexplicitanddirect。
InotherwordsWesternerstendtoputmostoftheirideasandfeelingsintowords,andthenstatetheseideasandfeelingsplainlyandopenly.Itisgenerallyconsideredagoodthingto“gettothepoint"and“saywhatyoumean,"anditislargelythespeaker'sresponsibilitytoensurethathis/hermessageisstatedinawaythatisclearandeasytounderstand。
Thiskindofcommunicationstyleissometimescalled“lowcontext”becausepeopleareexpectedtopaymoreattentiontothewordsusedincommunicationthantothecontextinwhichthingsaresaid.Theyexpectothersto“takethemattheirword”.
11、Projectedculturalsimilarity(PCS)自以为是的文化相似性
Projectedculturalsimilarityisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo。
Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame”。
Peoplefromdifferentcultureassumetheyunderstandeachotherinsteadofaskingeachotherwhattheythink。
Becausetheyeachexpecttheotherpersontoreactmoreorlessthesamewaytheywould,theydon'tchecktoseewhetherornottheotherpersonactuallyhasthesamefeelingsandreactionstheywould.
12、looseculture(美国)
Looseculturesdonotdemandahighdegreeofconformity。
Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Ofcourse,suchcultureshavesomeconsensusonwhatisandisnotconsideredappropriatebehavior,buttheconsensusisnotverystrongandthereisoftenmuchdisagreement。
Peopleinlooseculturesalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms。
Evenifpeopledonotlikethewayothersactorlive,theywilltendtotolerateitoracceptitratherthanpunishingorcriticizingthosewhosebehaviordeviatesfromthenorms。
Thismeansthereislesspressureonindividualswithintheculturestobehavethesamewaymostotherpeopleintheculturedo.
13、Tightculture文化一致性很强
Tightculturesexpectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity。
Thereisclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehavior,andthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.Peopleintightculturesalsotendtoberelativelyintolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.Whenpeopledonotlikethewayothersactorlive,theywillnottolerateitandevenpunishorcriticizethosewhosebehaviordeviatesfromthenorms.
14、Ethnocentrism民族优越感
”Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworldandidentifywithone'sin-groupandtoevaluateout—groupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandards.Inotherwords,toassumethatone'sownculture’swayofthinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefromotherculturesthinkandact。
Theytendtotooquicklyjudgetheseotherwaysasstrange,wrongorbad.Theybelievethattheirowncultureisperfectandsuperiortoothercultures.
15、Ingroups
“Ingroups”arethepeoplewehavethemostincommonwithandidentifymostcloselywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,orco-workers.Wealsohavelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,ethnicgroup,ornation.
16、Out-groups
“Outgroups"arethosegroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith———peoplefromotherfamilies,regions,ethnicgroups,ornations.Towardoutsiders,wetendtobemorecritical,suspicious,andwillingtopassharshjudgments.
17、warstories
Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswouldtellafterexperiencesinbattle.Now“warstories”refersmoregenerallytoanystoriespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesaboutunusualencounterswithforeigners。
Warstoriesnaturallytendtobebiasedagainstoutsides,sotheytendtoreinforcenegativeviewstowardforeigners。
What’smore,negativeviewsbasedonanexperiencewithoneforeignerareoftenusedasevidencetodrawconclusionsaboutforeignersingeneral.
简答+论述
1/2.Whywouldinterculturalcommunicationbemoredifficultthancommunicationbetweenpeoplefromthesameculture?
/Whyisithardtoteachaculture?
(1)Assumingmoreculturalsimilaritiesbetweenthemselvesandpeopleofotherculturesthanthereactuallyarecanleadtomisunderstanding.
(2)Languagedifferencesareobviouslyoftenasourceofmisunderstanding。
(3)Peopleofdifferentculturesoftenmisinterpretnon-verbalcommunicationsuchasbodylanguagean
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