研究生跨文化交际英语教程 case学习.docx
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研究生跨文化交际英语教程 case学习.docx
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研究生跨文化交际英语教程case学习
第一单元CommunicationAcrossCultures概括介绍跨文化交际,重点描述当今席卷世界的“全球化”浪潮和由此产生的不同文化之间的碰撞和冲突,并在此时代背景下来认识身处“地球村”中的不同文化群体所共同面对的跨文化交际问题。
第二单元CultureandCommunication以文化和交际为中心话题,主要说明文化构成了
人们的基本生存环境,人类社会生活中的一切无不受到文化的制约和规定,介绍交际及其过
程所涉及的各种因素,揭示交际的复杂性与开放性,以及文化与交际的不可分离。
第三单元CulturalDiversity以文化的多样性为中心话题,主要讨论不同文化之间在许多
方面、尤其是价值观上所存在的巨大差异,并提供了对文化差异进行描述与分析的一些基本
框架。
第四单元LanguageandCulture主要介绍语言与文化之间的相互关系,分析不同语言在使用上所存在的显性与隐性文化差异,以及这些差异对跨文化交际的影响。
第五单元CultureandVerbalCommunication着重介绍人们社会交往中的语言使用和文
化与语言之间的相互关系,分析不同语言在使用上所存在的显性与隐性文化差异,以及这些
差异对跨文化交际的影响。
第六单元CultureandNonverbalCommunication主要涉及各种形式的非言语交际,包
括手势、表情、眼神、姿态、身体接触以及等,同时描述了不同文化在非言语行为上的种种
差异。
第七单元TimeandSpaceAcrossCultures的主要内容是关于时间和空间在交际中的使
用,重点分析不同文化间在这些方面存在的差异及其对跨文化交际的影响。
第八单元Cross-culturalPerception所介绍的主要是不同文化群体的相互感知与认识,民
族中心主义倾向对跨文化交际的影响,
第九单元InterculturalAdaptation主要涉及跨文化调节与适应过程中发生的文化冲击及
其应对方法,以及生活在多元文化世界中会面临的问题等。
第十单元AquiringInterculturalCompetence重点介绍有关跨文化交际能力的形成和培
养问题,并涉及跨文化交际的改善和未来发展走向。
unit1
CommunicationAcrossCultures
WarmUp
Questions
1.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?
2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?
Ifyoudo,why
doyouthinkitishard?
Itisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled―culture‖inthesocialsciences-thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoften
differ,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.
caseStudy
case1
Inthiscase,thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortsmadetoachieveunderstanding.
WeshouldknowthatinEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard‘smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehad
attendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,―Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.
‖InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitself-beitafamilyoravastcorporation-ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase:
Richard‘smistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Lettheothersassumethattheerrorswerenotintentional,butitisnotrighttodefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistoassistthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.
WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmen
thanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:
forAmericans,―Helpyourself‖;fortheEnglishcounterpart,―Bemyguest.‖AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertainedbuttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguest
atanAmericanpartyisonewho―makeshimselfathome,‖eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.
case2
Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobe
directcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.InAmericanculture,peopletendto
saywhatisontheirmindsandtomeanwhattheysay.Therefore,studentsinclassareexpectedto
askquestionswhentheyneedclarification.Mexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewith
Americancultureinsomesituations,andthat‘swhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthe
techniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.However,Koreanpeoplegenerallypreferindirect
communicationstyle,andthereforetheytendtonotsaywhatisontheirmindsandtorelymoreon
implicationsandinference,soastobepoliteandrespectfulandavoidlosingfacethroughany
improperverbalbehavior.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.
case3
Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.Inthebeginning,Marydidn‘t
realizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencethesamefrustrationwhenthishappenedagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotionalculturalreactionaswellasherpracticalproblem(thebatteriesrunningout).
case4
Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonal
andfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshave
differentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.
However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendships
arewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Forexample,youhaveaneighborwhodropsbyinthe
morningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinner---notbecauseyou
don‘tthinkshecouldhandleaforkandaknife,butbecauseyouhaveseenherthatmorning.
Therefore,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtodinnerforsomeonewholivesinamore
distantpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecial
occasion.Now,ifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthesecondonemovesnearby,youarelikelyto
reversethis---seethesecondfriendinthemorningsforinformalcoffeemeetings,andthefirstone
youwillinvitemoreformallytodinner.
Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomake
friendseasily,andtheydon‘tfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoften
whenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.
unit2
CultureandCommunication
WarmUp
Questions
1.WhywasTomconsideredarudehostbyhisvisitors?
Trytofigureoutatleastthreethingsamong
thefollowingTomdidthatwereregardedtobeimpolite.
a.Tominvitesthemtovisithishomebutdoesnotinvitethemtohavedinnerwithhim.
b.Tomopenedthegiftassoonashewaspresentedwithit.
c.
Tomthanksthemonlytwiceforthegift.
d.Tomdoesnotmakeasecondofferofdrinkswhentheyrefusethefirst.
e.
f.
TomtalksaboutthecostoflivingintheU.S.A.
Tomdoesnotaskthemtostaylongerwhentheysaytheymustbeleaving.
g.Tomdoesnotgoouttoseethemoff.
h.Tomdoesnotpromisetoreturnthemavisitlater.
2.HowcanyouexplainthefactthatTomismisunderstoodwhenheactuallywantstobekindand
friendlytothevisitors?
WhatarethethingsthatTomdidwouldberegardedasimpolite?
Toanswerthisquestionwe
havetoknowtheculturalbackgroundofhisguestsandhowdifferentitisfromtheAmericanculture.
SupposetheguestswerefromChina,anditseemsthatatleastb.,d.,f.andg.maybeconsideredas
impolite.Iftheguestswerefromsomeotherculture,theanswermightbedifferent.
caseStudy
case5
InChina,itisoftennotpolitetoacceptafirstofferandHepingwasbeingmodest,politeand
well-behavedandhadeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer.Buthehad
notfiguredonNorthAmericanruleswhichfirmlysaythatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeverageson
anyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons,hemaybeareformedalcoholic,orhemaybe
allergic.Whateverthereasonbehindtherule,youdonotinsistinofferingalcohol.Sounconscious
andsostrongaretheirculturalrulesthattheAmericansequallypolitelynevermadeasecondofferof
beertoHepingwhoprobablythoughtNorthAmericansmostuncouth.
However,whatwehavetorememberisthatculturesareseldomastricteither-orinevery
instanceforallpeopleandtherearealwaysindividualdifferences.ProbablythisyoungChinese
nursewasverydifferentfromHepingor,unlikeHeping,shemayhaveknownsomethingaboutthe
AmericanculturalrulesandwasjusttryingtobehavelikeanAmericanwhenshewasinan
Americanfamily.
case6
Whenaspeakersayssomethingtoahearer,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:
utterancemeaning,speaker‘smeaningandhearer‘smeaning.Inthedialogue,whenLitzsaid‗How
longisshegoingtostay?
‘shemeanttosaythatifsheknewhowlonghermother-in-lawwasgoing
to
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