完整word版大学语言与文化期末复习资料总结.docx
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完整word版大学语言与文化期末复习资料总结.docx
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完整word版大学语言与文化期末复习资料总结
语言与文化
第一章
1.Culture:
itishumanspecificandalsoasocial,nationalandhistoricalphenomenon,whichcontainsseveralsubcultures.Itreferstothetotalpatternofhumanknowledge,beliefs,andbehavors,customs,institutionsthatdependsonthecapacityforsymbolicthoughtandsociallearning,what’smore,itconsistsofallsharedproductsofhumansociety,suchasattitudes,values,goals,andpracticesandsoforth.Itisalsoanexcellenceoftasteinthefineartsandhumanities.
2.Language:
languageissystematic(系统的),arbitrary(任意的),symbolic(符号的),vocalanduniquelyhuman,andisregardedasakeystoneofculture.Asacarrierandcontainerofculture,itisinfulencedandshapedbyandalsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture.Languagecontainstheirhistoricalandculturalbackgroundandapproachtolifeandtheirwayoflivingandthinking.
3.MajordeferencesbetweenCandWculture:
1.WesterncultureisbasedonindividulismwhileasChineseculturefocusoncollectivism.Individulismemphasizesoppositionsbetweenmanandnature,democracy,liberty,independentandhumanrights,butcollectivismemphasizesharmonybetweenmanandnature,obligationandresposibilies,andthinkhighlyof“family”
2.Westerncultureisadventurousandexploratonbased.TheyliketakingrisksanddiscoveringnewthingswhileChinesecultureisconservativeandtraditionalbased,theylikecarringonthegoodtraditionalwaystoshapetheirlife.
3.Inattempingtosolvepeopleandnature’srelationship,Westerncultureisbasedonscience,theyseemanandtheworldseperateandaimatconqueringnature,sochangeisconsideredprogress,whileChinesecultureisbasedonhumanismandpeople,theythinkmanisapartofnatureandaimtokeepharmoniousrelationshipwithnature,sosatbilityishighlyvalued.Moreover,theyattempttofusethehumanand“heaven”asone.(天人合一)
4.Inresolvingpeopleandpeople’srelationship,WesterncultureuselawwhileChinesecultureuseethicsandtolerance.
5.Toresolvehumanandspiritualism,Westernerusegodandreligion,butChineseuseinternalcultivation(修身养性)
6.ChineseculturethatexpandsanddevelopsinternallywhileWesterncultureoutwards
7.Chinesefocuson“middleway”,peaceisalwayshonoured.
4.Differentthinkingways:
Thepatternofthinkingintheweskislinear(直线的),chain-like,directandanalytical,intheeast,itiscyclical,holistic,indirectandintuitive;inpoliticalandideologicalareas,thewesternisacontractmodelbuttheChineseisanentiretyone
Thefeaturesofthinking---Western:
innertooutside,smalltobig,belowtoupper;manytoone.
Differentthinkingstyles:
---western:
seekdifferencefromsameness;
CA
1.figurativethinkingabstactthinking
2.Comprehensivethinkinganalyticalthinking
3.Subject-centeredthinkingobject-centeredthinking
4.Straightthinkingconversethinking
5.Imagerythinkinglogicalthinking
5.NativeEnglishspeakers:
Englishistheirmother’stongue,itincludespeopleofmanycountries--Amecicans,Englishmen,Australians,Canadians,NewZealandersandothers.Inspiteoftheircommonlanguage,therestillexistsdifferences,suchasAmericansay“you’rewelcome”inreplyto“thankyou”,whereasEnglishmanwouldsayNotatall,etc.Ofcourse,therealsosomedifferencesbetweennativeandnon-nativespeakers,suchasspeedofspeech,accent,useofslangandsoforth.
第二章words
6.Semanticdifferences(语义差异)
1)Aterminonelanguagethatdoesnothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage
2)Wordsortermsinbothlanguagesthatseemtorefertothesameobjectorconceptonthesurface,butwhichacturallyrefertoquitedifferentthings
3)Termsorconceptsthatarerepresentedbyoneorperhapstwotermsinonelanguage,butbymanymoretermsintheotherlanguage
4)Termsthathavemoreorlessthesameprimarymeaning,butwhichhavesecondaryoradditionalmeaningsmaydifferfromeachother.
Suchas“干部”inChinese,thereisnoexactcounterpartinEnglish.
7.Firecompany:
消防队letGeorgedoit:
让别人去干吧
Highway:
主要干道Awethen:
非常生气
Frenchwindow:
落地窗gooseflesh:
鸡皮疙瘩
Indiansummer:
小阳春Alionintheway:
拦路虎
Adrowningrat:
落汤鸡anassinalion’sskin狐假虎威
Highschool中学(A.)servicestation:
加油站
Restroom:
厕所,浴室lounge:
休息室
Busboy:
服务员busybody爱管闲事的人
Politicalcampain竞选运动
第三章wordsandfamilytie
stepmother继母mother-in-law婆婆、丈母娘
Daughter-in-law媳妇exhusband前任丈夫
Sister-in-law嫂嫂,弟妹brother-in-law姐夫,妹夫
Connotative:
fromtwodictionariesthatonedefinesconnotationas“theimplicationofaword,apartfromitsprimarymeaning”;theotheronedefinesitas“thesuggestingofameaningbyawordapartfromthethingitexplicitlynamesordescribes”,weknowthattheconnotationofawordisdifferentfromitdenotation--itsexplicitmeaning.Forstudentsofaforeignlanguage,it’simportanttolearnnotonlydenotationbutalsoconnotation,otherwisetheywillfeelbad.
Peasants:
ThiswordhasaderogatorymeaninginEnglishterm,itpointsatthoseuneducatedpesonoflowsocialstatus,orcountryman,rustic,anill-bredperson,ect.WhileinChinese,theword“peasant”isusedinitsprimarysense,itreferstoagroupoftheagriculturalclass,includingfarmers,laborers,etcaccordingtoAHD.Soifwedon’tknowthedifference,therewillbemisunderstandingbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcoutries,especiallythosepeoplefromwesterncountries.
Idealist与materialism
Idealistisalsotranslatedas“唯心主义者”,andthelatteroneas“唯物主义者”。
Inastrictlyphilosophicalpieceofwriting,suchtranslationsmightbeacceptable.Butmoreoftenthannot,thewordsareusedinatotallydifferentsense.Insomecircumstances,idealistcanbetranslatedin“追求理想的人”or“理想主义者”,andmaterialismcanbetranslatedin“物质主义者”or“追求物质生活的人”,sothemeaningof“Idealist”and“materialism”canbedifferentwhichalldependsonwhatsituationstheyarein.
Politician与statesman
InAmericanEnglish,politiciancanbeaveryderogatoryterm,onethatarousescontempt.Itimpliesapersonwhoisinpubliclifemerelyforpersonalgainaswellasforself-interests.Itcanalsomeanasmoothoperator.InChinsese,wecancallit“政客”;Whileasstatement,itmeansapersonwithwisdomandskillinmanagingtheaffairsofstateandusedwhenreferringtoarespectedpersoninhighgovernmentoffice.Politicianscanbefoundeverywhere,statementarecomparativelyrare.
Liberal与liberalism
Asanadjective,liberalmeansapersoniswillingtounderstandandrespecttheideasandfeelingsofothers,orfavouringsomechange,asinpoliticalorreligiousaffairs;Asanoun,liberalmeansapersonwithwideunderstandingandalsoisinfavourofchange(LCE),orpersoninfavourofprogressandreformandopposedtoprivilege(OAL);WhilewecanseeLiberalismasawhole,itcontainsmanydifferentaspects,viewsandsoon,sowecannotexactlysayliberalequalsliberalism,orliberalismmeansliberal.
关键字(了解):
individualism,freedomandhumanrights,competition,pragmatism实用主义(onthelinkingofpracticeandtheory),socialequality,feminism(isacollectionofmovementsandideologiesaimedatdefining,establshing,anddefendingequalpoliticalmeconomicandsocialrightsforwomen),progress
Chapter5
Idioms:
Idiomsarephrasesandsentencesthatdonotmeanexactlywhattheysay.Anidiomisanexpression,word,orphrasethathasfigurativemeaning—itsimplicationcomprehendedonlythroughcommonuse;whereastheliteraldefinitionoftheidiom,itself,doesnotcommunicateitsmeaningasafigurativeusage.
Proverbs:
Proverbsarewisesayingsthathelpteachlessons.Aproverbalsocalledabywordornayword,isasimpleandconcretesayingpopularlyknownandrepeated,whichexpressesatruth,basedoncommonsenseorthepracticalexperienceofhumanity.Proverbsareoftenborrowedfromsimilarlanguagesandcultures,andsometimescomedowntothepresentthroughmorethanonelanguage.Proverbsarefoundinmanypartsoftheworldandareoftenborrowedacrosslinesoflanguage,religion,andeventime.例子:
(Allriversrunintosea.海纳百川。
Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的不一定都是金子。
)
Chapter6
Metaphor比喻:
Metaphoristheconceptofunderstandingonethingintermsofanother.Ametaphorisafigureofspeechthatconstructsananalogybetweentwothingsorideas;Metaphorsarecomparisonsthatshowhowtwothingsthatarenotalikeinmostwaysaresimilarinoneimportantway.Metaphoralsodenotesrhetoricalfiguresofspeechthatachievetheireffectsviaassociation,comparisonorresemblance
Thedifferencesofassociation联想:
1.Creatureshavingcertainassociatedcharacteristicsinoneculture,butnotintheother2.Creatureswithcertainassociatedqualitiesinbothcultures,butwithdifferentqualities.Underthesecondcategoryletusconsidertheowl,thebat,thedog,thetigerandthepetrel.
Owl:
InEnglishowlstandsforwisdom,likethesayinggoes:
aswiseastheowl.InChinese,owlstandsforpotentialmisfortune,themeresightofanowlisenoughtodrawbackinfear,justasthesaying“anowlvisitingahome”.
Bat:
ThebatisusuallyassociatedwithnegativequalitiesintheWest.Asbindasabat;crazyasabataretypicalexpressionofthenegativeassociations.Mentionofthebatoftenevokestheinimageofanugly,sinister,blood-suckingcreature.
ToChinese,thebatisasymbolofgoodfortune,well-beings,happiness----allpositivequalitiessincethenameofthecreatureispronouncedthesameas福.
Dog:
Dogisthebestfriendsofman,inEnglishpeopletreatdogasthesimpleofloyalty,dependability,courage,intelligence.However,inChinesethedogsaregenerallyassociatedwithunpleasantness.Manydirtywordsareoftenrelatedwithdog.
Tiger:
ThecharacteristicsassociatedwiththetigerinChineseculture
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