陪审团制度The Jury System.docx
- 文档编号:17447913
- 上传时间:2023-07-25
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:5
- 大小:18.43KB
陪审团制度The Jury System.docx
《陪审团制度The Jury System.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《陪审团制度The Jury System.docx(5页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
陪审团制度TheJurySystem
陪审团制度(TheJurySystem)
陪审团制度(TheJurySystem)Thejurysystemreferstothesystemthatacertainnumberofvotingcitizensparticipateindecidingwhethertoprosecutethesuspectandtodecidethecase.Ajuryhasthedistinctionbetweenagrandjuryandasmalljury.Agrandjurymayhearseveralcasesduringitsterm,whileaminorjuryisacase.Asmalljuryisusuallycomposedof6-12people.AccordingtoAmericanlaw,everyadultcitizenoftheUnitedStateshasthedutytoserveasajuror.However,apersonwhoisunder18yearsofage,whoisnotlivinginthemainland,whohasnoknowledgeofEnglishandhearingimpairment,whohascriminalrecord,isnoteligibletoserveasajuror.Jurorsareselectedbycourttodrawoutanumberofresidentswithstateidentitycardsascandidates.Afterthat,eachofthemhadtofilloutaquestionnaireabouthimself.Thecourtnotice,andthentothecourtforquestioningandtheselectionof.Popularlyspeaking,juriesareeligiblecitizenswhohavebeenrandomlyselectedtobebroughttogetherandnotallowedtocontacttheoutsideworldduringthetrial.Theyareresponsibleforvotingonadefendant:
first,whethertoprosecute;two,whetherguilty?
.IntheUnitedStates,juriesmaybeusedincriminalcasesandinsomecivilcases(mainlycivilcases).InBritainandCommonwealthcountries,juriesarenolongerusedincivilcases.Asisknowntoall,thejury’sbasicfunctionistodeterminethefactsofthecase.Inajuryproceeding,thejudgedoesnotrecognizethefactthatthebasicfunctionofthejudgeistocontroltheproceedingsandtoapplythelawinaccordancewiththefactsheldbythejury.Forcasesrequiringjurytrials,thefirststepistoselectjurorsandformjuries.Jurorsareoftenverycomplex,andjuryselectionisahighlyskilledwork.Thejury’sselectionisundertheauspicesofthepresidingjudge.Thejudge’sassistantrandomlyextractsthelistofcandidatesfromthelocalvoterregistrationmanual.Judgesdeterminethenumberofcandidatesforinitialjurorsaccordingtothecircumstancesofthecase,andsometimesthenumberofcandidatescanbeasmanyastwoorthree.Thejury’sselectionwasmadepublic.Whenselecting,boththejudgeandbothattorneysshouldbepresentatthecourt.Whenthejudgesbeginscreeningcandidates,theyshouldbriefthecandidateonthemerits.Withtheconsentofthejudge,theothersmaysitinthecourt.Thecandidateofthejurydeterminestheseatnumberinthecourtbydrawinglots.Thenumberofcandidatesforajuryisveryimportantbecausethejurorsarechoseninnumericalorder.Todeterminethenumberofcandidatesinaccordancewiththenumberofseated,accordingtotheinstructionsoftheassistantjudge,filloutthequestionnaireinthehelpofassistantjudges.Thespecificcasesaredifferent,andthequestionnairewillalsoinvestigatetheproblems.Onenvironmentallitigationcases,thequestionnairemayhaveyouonenvironmentalprotectionandindustrialdevelopmenttosee,youareaffectedbyenvironmentalpollutionviolations;ontobaccolitigationcases,thequestionnairemayhavedoyousmoke,yourfriendshavenopatientandsmokingrelateddiseases;inAIDSrelatedlitigation,theremaybehowdoyouseethisproblemonthequestionnaireonhomosexuality.Thequestionnairewillalsocoverthequestionoftherelationshipbetweencandidatesandlawyersinthecase,suchaswhetherornottoknowwhichlawyer,whomtocounsel,andsoon.Therelationshipbetweencandidatesandwitnessesisalsoanimportantissuetobeinvestigated.Thequestionnairewilllistthenamesofwitnessestoappearinthesubsequentsuits.Judgesandattorneyswillscreencandidatesbasedonthesefindings.Ajudgemayalsodirectagreetingtoacandidate,suchasaskingwhetheracandidatehasanyfactorsthatwillaffecthimorherandmakeafairdecision.Thejudgewillremovethepersonwhodoesnotmeetthelegalrequirementsfromthejurycandidate.Forexample,nonUScitizens,criminalrecords,novotingrights,etc..Thecandidatemayalsosubmittothejudgeareasonnotsuitableforservingasajurorinthecase,requestingnottoserveasajuror,suchassufferingfromillness,etc..Forthesereasons,thecorrespondingevidenceisrequiredtobeproved,andmaybeallowedtoexitafterthejudge’sconsent.Sincethejuryisadutyofthecitizen,thecandidateshallnotwithdrawfromthecourtwhenthejudgedoesnotagreetoit.Accordingtothesurvey,mostAmericansarereluctanttoserveasjurors,andthemainreasonsarethedelay,theimpactontheirworkandlife.Althoughtherearesubsidiesasjurors,theamountissmall,usuallybetween$8and$15.Thejudgesrejectthenonqualifiedcandidates,andthenextprocedureistoscreencandidatesfrombothsidesofthebar.Alawyermayrejectorreserveacandidatebynumberaccordingtohisownneeds.Ingeneralcases,alawyermaynotexercisemorethanfourorfivetimesthevetopower,butforspecialcases,itmaybe6or7times,upto10times,andtheexerciseofthevetopowerisdecidedbythejudge.Thecompositionofthejurydeterminesthecaseofvictory.InthecaseofthefamousRodneyKingv.Losangelespolice,thetrialresultedintheprosecutionlosingthecasebecauseoftheformationofajuryinfavorofthedefendant.However,theprincipleofscreeningissimpleandwillnotbefavorabletocandidateswhorejectoneparty.Forbothcandidates,bothlawyersmusttakeaseriouslookatthecandidate’ssituation.Bothlawyersmayaskquestionsaboutthecandidatesandjudgewhetherornottoexercisetheirvetopowerbasedonwhatthecandidateshaveanswered.Whatkindofproblemalawyerdesignsisahighlytechnicalone.Butlawyersshouldnotdirectlyasksuchquestionsashowcandidatesseethecase.Thejudgeshouldcheckthequestionsraisedbythelawyerandrejectitwhenthequestioniswrong.Ifthevetopowerisused,thejurydoesnotmeettherequirementsofthejury-whenthe12jurorsarenumbered,theyaredeterminedbythejudge.Afterthejuryhasbeensetup,severalalternatejurorsareneededtopreventtheaccident.Ajurormaybereplacedbyanalternatejuroroncethejuryisunabletoexercisethejury’sdiscretionforillnessorotherreasons.Thejurywillwearaspecialjurybadge.Statejurorshavedifferentbadges,mostlyround,butwithdifferentcolors,somestatesareyellow,andsomestatesarered,whiteandtwocolors.Beforeaformalcourtsession,thejudgeinformsthejuryindetailofthenotes.Tellwhatcanbedoneandwhatcannotbedone.Forexample:
inthejurynottodiscussthecasewithanyone(includingotherjurors),arenotallowedtoleavethecourt,withouttheconsentoftheuseoftelephone,otherpeopleandjurorsillegalcontactshouldpromptlyreportthejudgeonthecase,cannotreadnewspaperswithoutapproval.Ingeneral,jurorscannottalktojudgesindividually.Ifyouwanttotalktothejudge,youmustalsohavealawyerfrombothpartiespresent.Thejudgeaskedthejurorstopayattentiontoasmanyasdozensofitems.Eachjuror,afterreadingthesedocuments,signshisnametoindicatethathehasunderstoodthenotes.Thejuryhasacoordinatingandorganizer,whocanalsobecalledtheheadofthejury.Theheadofajuryiselectedbyalljurors.Insomemajorcriminalandcivilcases,thejudgecanisolatethejuryfromtheoutsideworldsoastoavoidthejuryfrombeingdisturbedbytheoutsideworld.Theseparationofjuriesisrare.Thesegregatedjuryusuallylivesinthedesignatedhotelandhasaguard.Thejurycannotleavethehousewithoutthepermissionofthejudge.Duringtheseparation,jurorscouldnotreadnewspapersorwatchTVsoasnottobeinfluencedbytheoutsideworld.InthecaseofthefamousSimpsoncase,thejurywasisolatedfromtheoutsideworld.Foreigntrialcasesaregenerallyconsecutivetrials,fromthecourtuntiltheruling,exceptthestatutoryrest,shallnotbeinterrupted.Inacourtsession,thejudgekeepsissuinginstructionstothejury.Forexample:
whatevidencepointedoutthatillegalevidenceisnotevidence,instructedthejuryinfactcannotbeusediftheevidence,thejuryacceptedtheevidence,thejuryverdictisinvalid.Inorderforthejurytomakeafairdecision,anyactofbribingjurorsisillegal,andjurorsmustcomplywiththerelevantlawsandregulations,andthosewhoareseverelypunishedwillbesubjecttocriminalsanctions.CourttrialsintheUnitedStatesrequirecrossexamination,whichmeansthatjudgesandjuriescannotdirectlyaskwitnessesaboutthecaseandcanonlybequestionedbylawyersfrombothparties.Thelawyer’senquiryforoneofhisownwitnessesiscalledthemaininquiry,andtheinterrogationoftheotherparty’switnessesiscalledcounterquestioning.Thejuryknowsthefactsofthecasethroughquestioningbybothlawyers,andthejudgecontrolsthecrossexaminationofbothlawyers.Whenthejudgeandthelawyerdiscusstheproceduralmattersinthecase,thejurycannotparticipatebecausethejurycannotdecidetheproceduralmatters.Whenbothwitnessesappearincourt,thejudgemayaskthejurytodiscussanddecideonthecase.Thejuryformedaverdictontheplaintiff’srequestandhandedthejurorsavote.Generalcivilandcriminalcasesrequireavoteofmorethan9votes.Themurderisunanimous,unanimouslyagreed.Whenvoting,12jurorsarerequiredtovote.Ofcourse,inhistorytherewere1jurorsabsent,and11jurorswerestillvalid.Ifageneralcasefailstoestablishtheplaintiff’sclaimtomorethan9votes,thejurywillneedtoreconsiderituntilamajorityverdictisformed.Howthejuryfindsthefactsandhowtoformtheverdictisabsolutelyconfi
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 陪审团制度The Jury System 陪审团 制度 The