3最新职称英语概括大意与完成句子字典排版.docx
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3最新职称英语概括大意与完成句子字典排版.docx
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3最新职称英语概括大意与完成句子字典排版
第一篇MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing
1 Althoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.
2 InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup19or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswellasanumberofothersleepproblems,thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.2
3 Thesefindings,whichDr DanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine3,demonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetaside4morethan8hoursanight Headdedthat“itmightbeagoodidea”forpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.
4 Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.
5 Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004adultstosleepquestionnaires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblems Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep,andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning5.
6 Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours Inaninterview,Kripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed Asevidence,headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed “Itstandstoreason6thatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake,”hesaid.
1.Paragraph2________E SleepProblemofLongandShortSleepers
2.Paragraph4________B DangersofHabitualShortagesofSleep
3.Paragraph5________A Kripke’sResearchTool
4.Paragraph6________D AWayofOvercomingInsomnia
5.Togetagoodnight’srest,peoplemaynotneedto________.F sleepmorethan8hours
6.Longsleepersarereportedtobemorelikelyto________.E suffersleepproblems
7.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenight,unableto________.A fallasleepagain
8.Onesurveyshowedthatpeoplewhohabitually________eachnighthaveahigherriskofdying.C sleeplessthan7hours.
第二篇 SootandSow:
aHotCombination
1 NewresearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootalterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.Accordingtoacomputersimulation,blacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury.
2 SootinthehigherlatitudesoftheEarth,whereiceismorecommon,absorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicy,whitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbon,orsoot,absorbssunlight,whilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight.
3 Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Also,ifsnowandicecoveredareasbeginmelting,thewarmingeffectincreases,asthesootbecomesmoreconcentratedonthesnowsurface.“Thisprovidesapositivefeedback,asglaciersandicesheetsmelt,theytendtogetevendirtier,saidDr.JamesHansen,aresearcheratNASA’sGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies,NewYork.
4 Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo(solarenergyreflectedbacktospace),which1maybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemisphere,suchasthinningArcticseaice,meltingglaciersandpermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesintheatmosphereabovetheoceansandland.
5 “Blackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospace,thusheatingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbon2,”Hansensaid.Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffectiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.“Thisforcingisunusuallyeffective,causingtwiceasmuchglobalwanningasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude,Hansennoted.
6 Hansencautioned,althoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantial,itdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.3Suchgasesareexpectedtobethelargestclimateforcingfortherest4ofthiscentury.
7 TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHemispherewaslargeinthewinterandspringatmiddleandhighlatitudes.Theseobservationswereconsistentwiththeresearchers’climatemodelsimulations,whichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffectsoccurredwhentherewereheavysnowcover5andsufficientsunlight.
1.Paragraph3________C ExplanationofIncreasedWarmingEffectCausedbySoot
2.Paragraph4________A Soot’sRoleinChangesintheClimateandtheAtmosphere
3.Paragraph6________F GreenhouseGasesastheMainFactorofGlobalWarming
4.Paragraph7________B ObservationsofWarmingintheNorthernHemisphere
5.Inthetwentiethcentury,soot________.B continuedto25percentofobservedglobalwarming
6.Hansencautionedthatgreenhousegases________.E stillsurpasssootinwarmingtheworld’sclimateduringthelastcentry
7.Blacksootcoveredsnowandice________.D absorbmoreofsun’senergyandwarmththanwhitebackground
8.Asootforcingisunusuallyeffective,which________.A producesmuchmoreglobalwanningthanacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude
第三篇 IcyMicrobes
1 InicethathassealedasaltyAntarcticlakeformorethan2,800years,scientistshavefoundfrozenbacteriaandalgaethatreturnedtolifeafterthawing.TheresearchmayhelpinthesearchforlifeonMars,whichisthoughttohavesubsurfacelakesofice.
2 AresearchteamledbyPeterDoranoftheUniversityofIllinoisatChicagodrilledthroughmorethan39feetoficetocollectsamplesofbacteriaandalgae.WhenDoran’steambroughtthembackandwarmedthemupabit,theysprangbacktolife.
3 Doransaidthemicrobeshavebeenage-datedat2,800yearsold,butevenoldermicrobesmaylivedeeperintheicesheetsealingthelake,andinthebrinywaterbelowtheice.1ThatdeepericeandthewateritselfwillbecautiouslysampledinalaterexpeditionthatwilltesttechniquesthatmayonedaybeusedonMars.
4 CalledLakeVida,the4.5-square-kilometerbodyisoneofaseriesoflakeslocatedintheMcMurdoDryValleysofAntarctica,some2,200kilometersduesouth2ofNewZealand.Thislakehasbeenknownsincethe1950s,butpeopleignoreditbecausetheythoughtitwasjustabigblockofice.Whileatthesiteforotherresearchinthe1990s,Doranandhiscolleaguessent3radarsignalsintotheclearicecoveringthelakeandweresurprisedtofindthat62feetbelowtherewasapoolofliquidwaterthatwasaboutseventimesmoresaltythanseawater.
5 Thatpromptedtheresearcherstoreturnin1996withequipmenttodrillaholedowntowithinafewfeetofthewaterlayer.Atthebottomofthishole,researchersharvestedspecimensofalgaeandbacteria.
6 Theresearcherswillreturnin2004equippedwithinstrumentsthataresterilized.Theywillthendrillthroughthefull62feetoficeandsamplesomeofthebrinywaterfromthelakeforanalysis.Thewaterspecimenwillbeculturedtoseeifitcontainslife.Specimensfromthewaterareexpectedtobeevenolderthanthelifeformsextractedfromtheicecovering.
1.Paragraph2________E AntarcticFrozenLifeSampledandRevived
2.Paragraph3________A SignificanceofTestingTechniquesforSamplingMicrobesintheDeepIceSheet
3.Paragraph4________F AccidentalDisoveryofIce-sealedLakeWaterinAntarctica
4.Paragraph6________D 2004RevisitPlannedforCollectingLakeWaterSpecimens
5.ScientistsignoredLakeVidabecausetheythoughtthatalakeofice________.B wasoflittlescientificvalue
6.Scientistsexpectthatthelife,iffoundindeeperwaterbelowtheicesheet,________.C maybeolderthanthatcollectedbelow39feetofice
7.Whatthescientistswilldoin20Q4________.E istocollectsomebrinylakewaterforanalysisy
8.ThesaltconcentrationintheliquidwaterofLakeVida________A isfoundtobeagreatdealhigherthanthatofseawater
第四篇CompactDisks
1 IfsomeonesaystoyouyourmusicCDsdon'treallyholdanymusiconthem,andtheyonlyhavenumbersrecordedonthem,youmaynotbelieveit.Infact,heisrightinthatsoundisactuallyrecordedontotheCDsasspecialnumbers—adigitalcode.1ThecodeispressedontotheCDasbumpsonalongspiraltrackalmostfivekilometerslong.Thesebumpsareanaverageof0.5micronswide.
2 AsmalllaserbeamshinesontothebumpsastheCDturns.Thelightisreflectedbacktoareceiverthatrecordshowthelaserlightbouncesback.ThisletstheCDplayer2turnthereflectedlightbackintotheoriginalcode.Thismeansyoucanheartheoriginalcodeasmusic.
3 Digitalcodesareusedwithmanytechnologies.E-mailneedsthesekindsofcodenumbers.Spaceprobescommunicatewiththeirgroundstationonearthusingdigitalcodes.Barcodesarereadasdigitalcodesincomputersystems.Digitalcommunicationswithcellphonesneeddigitalcodes.Weatherradiosalsotuneintospecificsignalsusingthesecodes.
4 Therearemanytypesofcompactdisks.OneformatiscalledCD-RWs.Theycanberecordedonandre-
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