跨文化交际必备词.docx
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跨文化交际必备词.docx
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跨文化交际必备词
Astereotypeisacognitivestructurecontainingtheperceiver’sknowledge,beliefs,andexperiencesaboutsomehumansocialgroups.
Abeingorientationreferstospontaneousexpressionofthehumanpersonality.
Beliefsserveasthestoragesystemforthecontentofourpastexperiences,includingthoughts,memories,andinterpretationsofevents.
Culturalpatternsareausefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutvalues,beliefs,andotherorientationscollectively.
Contextistheinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.
Co-culturesareculturesdiscussinggroupsorsocialcommunitiesexhibitingcommunicationcharacteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,andpracticesthataresufficientlydifferenttodistinguishthemfromothergroupsandcommunitiesandfromthedominantculture.
Communicationisadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattempttosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbols.
Cultureisasetofhuman-madeobjectiveandsubjectiveelementsthatinthepasthaveincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvivalandresultedinsatisfactionfortheparticipantsinanecologicalniche,andthusbecamesharedamongthosewhocouldcommunicatewitheachotherbecausetheyhadacommonlanguageandtheylivedinthesametimeandplace.
Culturalidentity:
theidentificationofcommunicationsofasharedsystemofsymbolicverbalandnonverbalbehaviorthataremeaningfultogroupmemberswhohaveasenseofbelongingandwhosharetraditions,heritage,language,andsimilarnormsofappropriatebehavior.Culturalidentityisasocialconstruction.
Collectivismisakindofthoughtthatpeopleprimarilyviewthemselvesasmembersofgroupsandcollectivesratherthanasautonomousindividuals.Insuchculturespeopleemphasizecommunity,collaboration,sharedinterest,harmony,tradition,thepublicgood,andmaintainingface.Collectivismmeansgreateremphasisontheviews.needs,andgoalsofthein-groupratherthanoneself;socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;beliefssharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishtheselffromin-group;andgreatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.
(1)Cultureshockisamentalstatethatcomesfromthetransitionthatoccurswhenyougofromafamiliarenvironmenttoanunfamiliaroneandfindthatyourold,establishedpatternsofbehaviorareineffective.
Cultureshockisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallyourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thesesignsorcuesincludethethousandandonewaysinwhichweorientourselvestothesituationofdailylife:
howtogiveorders,howtomakepurchases,whenandwherenottorespond.Nowthesecues,whichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornorms,areacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchasapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,mostofwhichwearenotconsciouslyawareof.
Allhumaninteractionisinfluencedtosomedegreebythecultural,social,andphysicalsettingsinwhichitoccurs.Thesesettingsarecalledthecommunicationcontext.
Ethnocentrismisthenotionthatone’sowncultureissuperiortoanyother.Itistheideathatotherculturesshouldbemeasuredbythedegreetowhichtheyliveuptoourculturalstandards.Weareethnocentricwhenweviewotherculturesthroughthenarrowlensofourowncultureorsocialposition.
Ethicsreferstojudgmentsthatfocusomdegreesofrightnessandwrongness,virtueandvice,andobligationinhumanbehavior.
Familyisagroupofintimates,whogenerateasenseofhomeandgroupidentity,completewithstrongtiesofloyaltyandemotion,andanexperienceofahistoryandafuture.
Globalizationisworldwideinterconnectedness,evidencedinglobalmovementsofnaturalresources,tradegoods,humanlabour,financecapital,information,andinfectiousdiseases.
Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime;itilluminesreality,vitalizesmemory,providesguidanceindailylife,andbringsustidingsofantiquity.
Individualismisakindofthoughtthatinvolvesself-motivation,autonomy,andindependentthinking,whichtakesinthefollowingforms.People’spersonalgoalstakepriorityovertheirallegiancetogroupslikethefamilyortheemployer.Theloyaltyofindividualiststoagivengroupisveryweak;theyfeeltheybelongtomanygroupsandareapttochangetheirmembershipasitsuitstothem,switchingchurches,forexample,orleavingoneemployerforanother.Suchthoughtstressespersonalrightsandresponsibilities,privacy,voicingone’sownopinion,freedom,innovation,andself-expression.
Identityisthereflectiveself-conceptionorself-imagethatweeachderivefromourfamily,gender,cultural,ethnic,andindividualsocializationprocess.
Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.
Interculturalcommunicationcompetenceistheoverallinternalcapabilityofanindividualtomanagethekeychallengingfeaturesofinterculturalcommunication:
namely,culturaldifferencesandunfamiliarity,inter-groupposture,andtheaccompanyingexperienceofstress.
Masculinityandfeminityrefertothedegreetowhichmasculineorfemininetraitsarevaluedandrevealed.
Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.
Objectivityisthestateofbeingobjective,just,unbiasedandnotinfluencedbyemotionsorpersonalprejudices.
Prejudicesaredeeplyheldnegativefeelingsassociatedwithaparticulargroup.
Prejudiceamountstoarigidandirrationalgeneralizationaboutacategoryofpeople.Prejudiceisirrationaltotheextentthatpeopleholdinflexibleattitudessupportedbylittleornodirectevidence.Prejudicemaytargetpeopleofaparticularsocialclass,sex,sexualorientation,age,politicalaffiliation,race,orethnicity.
(1)Perceptionisthemeansbywhichyoumakesenseofyourphysicalandsocialworld.
(2)Perceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseoftheworld.
(3)Perceptionistheprocesswherebypeopleconvertexternaleventsandexperiencesintomeaningfulinternalunderstanding.
Powerdistanceisacharacteristicofaculturedefiningtheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulpersoninsocietyacceptsinequalityinpowerandconsidersitasnormal.
Racismisthebeliefintheinherentsuperiorityofaparticularrace.Itdeniesthebasicequalityofhumankindandcorelatesabilitywithphysicalcomposition.Thusitassumesthatsuccessorfailureinanysocietalendeavorwilldependupongeneticendowmentratherthanenvironmentandaccesstoopportunity.
Stereotypesareacollectionoffalseassumptionsthatpeopleinallculturesmakeaboutthecharacteristicsofmembersofvariousgroups.
Socialorganizationsorsocialinstitutionsarethegroupsthatmembersofacultureturntoforlessonsaboutthemeaningoflifeandmethodsforlivingthatlife.
Thedominantcultureisatypeofculturethatonegrouppossessesthepowertospeakfortheentireculturewhilesettingthetoneandagendathatotherswillusuallyfollow.
Thebeing-in-dongorientationstressestheideaofdevelopmentandgrowth.Itemphasizesthekindofactivitythatcontributestothedevelopmentofallaspectsoftheselfasanintegralwhole.
Thedoingorientationdescribesactivityinwhichaccomplishmentsaremeasurablebystandardsexternaltotheindividual.
Uncertaintyavoidancedefinestheextenttowhichpeoplewithinaculturearemadenervousbysituationswhichtheyperceiveasunstructured,unclear,orunpredictable,situationswhichtheythereforetrytoavoidbymaintainingstrictcodesofbehaviorandabeliefinabsolutetruths.
Valuesareculturallydefinedstandardsofdesirability,goodness,andbeautythatserveasbroadguidelinesforsocialliving.
Valuesaresharedideasaboutwhatistrue,right,andbeautifulwhichunderlineculturalpatternsandguidesocietyinresponsetothephysicalandsocialenvironment.
2.Lackofcommunicationhasgivenrisetodifferencesinlanguage,inthinking,insystemsofbeliefandculturegenerally.Thesedifferenceshavemadehostilityamongsocietiesendemicandseeminglyeternal.语言,思维以及信仰和文化体制的差异通常源于匮乏的交流。
这些差异使社会的敌意根深蒂固,似乎无穷无尽。
4.Historyisphilosophyteachingbyexample.历史是提供实例讲解的哲学。
5.Theparticularhumanchainwe’repartofiscentraltoourindividualidentity.独特的人类联系是获取个人认同的关键。
6.Thevalueofidentityofcourseisthatsooftenwithitcomespurpose.我们寻求认同感的过程,其意义常常带有目的性。
7.Yourbeliefsbecomeyourthoughts.Yourthoughtsbecomeyourwords.Yourwordsbecomeyouractions.Youractionsbecomeyourhabits.Yourhabitsbecomeyourvalues.Yourvaluesbecomeyourdestiny.
8.Onagroupoftheoriesonecanfindaschool;butonagroupofvaluesonecanfindaculture,acivilization,anewwayoflivingtogetheramongmen.信仰决定思想。
思想决定语言。
语言决定(形成)行动。
行动决定习惯。
习惯决定价值。
价值决定命运。
9.Ifonefingerissore,thewholehandwillhurt.牵一发而动全身。
11.Therearetimeswhensilencehastheloudestvoice.有时沉默往往具有爆发力。
12.Toknowwhatpeoplethink,payregardtowhattheydo,ratherthanwhattheysay.知人所知,观人所做,勿信人所说。
13.Livetogetherlikebrothersanddobusinesslikestrangers.生活似兄弟,经商如异客。
15.Humanhistoryisincreasinglyaracebetweeninterculturaleducationanddisaster.Ifeducationisnotintercultural,itisprobablynoteducation,butrathertheinculcationofnationalistorreligiousfundamentalism.人类历史更多地体现为跨文化教育和大灾难的竞赛。
教育不跨
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