澳班微观经济学复习.docx
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澳班微观经济学复习.docx
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澳班微观经济学复习
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1.Theminimumpricenecessarytogetalabourresourceownertosupplyhisorherlabourisits_____
2.TheamountofearningsabovetheopportunitycostofaLabouriscalled_____
3.Allearningsareopportunitycostswhenthelaboursupplycurveis_____
4.Whenthesupplycurveisvertical,_____determinestheequilibriumprice
5.Aprofit-maximsingfirmwillhireanadditionalworkerifthewageislessthanlabour’s_____
6.Themarginalrevenueproductinperfectcompetitionisalsocalledthe_____ofthemarginalproduct
7.Thecompetitivefirm’sdemandcurveforlabourslopesdownwardbecauseofthe______
8.Whentheproductofonefirmisidenticaltotheproductofotherfirmsinthemarket,theproductissaidtobe_____
9.Resourcesarefreely____iffirmscanenterandexitanindustryeasily.
10.Afirmisa___ifitfacesahorizontaldemandcureforitsproduct.
11.Underperfectcompetition,pricealwaysequals_____and_____.
12.Aslongaspriceatleastcoversvariablecosts,aprofit-maximisingfirmproduceswhere_____equals_____
13.Ifmarginalcostexceedsmarginalrevenue,thefirmshould____itsoutputlevel.
14.Theshort-runsupplycurveofaperfectlycompetitivefirmistheportionofits____curvethatliesabovetheminimumpointofits____curve.
15.Long-runequilibriuminperfectcompetitionischaracterizedby____economicprofits
16.Long-runequilibriuminperfectcompetition,eachfirmproducesatthe____ofthelong-runaveragecostcurve.
17.A____-costindustrycandecreaseoutputandnotseeresourcepricesfall.
18.Ifnewfirmsenteringanindustryhavehigherproductioncoststhenexistingfirms,theindustryisa(n)_____costindustry
19._____efficiencyisachievedwhenfirmsproducethegoodssocietyvaluesthemost.
20.Allocativeefficiencyoccurswhenfirmproduceattherateofoutputwhere____equals______.
21.istheamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scost.
22.economicsisthestudyofhowsocietyitsscarceresources.
23.efficiencyisthepropertyofsocietygettingtheitcanfromitsscarceresources.
24.agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.
25.Breadisagoodifdemandforitincreaseswhenincomeincreases.
26.claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe.
27.Twogoodsarecomplementsifthecross-priceelasticityofdemandis
.
28.comparativeadvantageisthecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheir
29.priceceilingisalegalonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold.
30.Themarginalrevenueproductinperfectcompeltitionisalsocalledthe
ofthemarginalproduct.
31.Iftheamountproducersreceivefortheiroutputisgreaterthantheminimumamounttheyrequiretoproducetheoutput,thenproducersreceive______.
True/false
______1Thedecisionsafirmmakesdependonthestructureofthemarketinwhichitoperates
______2Underperfectcompetition,eachfirmhasonlytodecidehowmuchofagoodtoproduce
______3Theproductofoneproducerisidenticaltotheproductsofallotherproducersinthemarketunderperfectcompetition.
______4Underperfectcompetition,afirmwillnotadvertiseitsproduct
______5Perfectlycompetitivefirmstrytochangetheprofit-maximisingprice.
______6Firmscompetevigorouslywitheachotherunderperfectcompetition
______7Theslopeoftheperfectlycompetitivefirm’stotalrevenuecurveisthepriceofthegood.
______8Forafirminaperfectlycompetitiveindustry,marginalrevenueequalsthemarketprice.
______9Firmsmaximizeprefectsbyproducingwheretotalrevenueequalstotalcost
______10Intheshortrun,perfectlycompetitivefirmscanmakeeconomicprofitsorlosses.
______11Intheshortrun,afirmshouldneverhavetolosemorethanitsfixedcosts.
______12IFpriceisgreaterthanaveragevariablecostforsomerangeofoutput,thefirmshouldproduceintheshortrun.
______13Thefirm’smarginalcostcurveisalsoitsshort-runsupplycurve.
______14Ifthemarketdemandcurveandthemarketsupplycurveintersectatapriceof$5,theminimumpointoftheAVCcurvemustbebelow$5.
______15Inthelongrun,perfectlycompetitivefirmscanmakeeconomicprofits.
______16Inlong-runequilibrium,thecompetitivefu-inproducesattheminimumpointofitslong-runaverage
______17Adecreaseinmarketdemandcausessomecompetitivefirmstoleavetheindustryinthelongrun.
______18Theindustrylong-runsupplycurvealwaysslopesupward.
______19Wherethereisproductiveefficiencytheremustalsobeallocativeefficiency.
______20Producersurplusispositiveonlywheneconomicprofitsarepositive.
21.Rentseekingisanimportanttypeofproductivityactivity.
22.Themedianvotermodelsaysthatthepolicythatisthefirstchoiceofmostpeoplewillbeselected.
23.TheGinicoefficientisapartoftheLorenzCurveanalysis.
24.Allmonopolistmaximizesprofitbyselectingtherateofoutputwherepriceequalsmarginalcost.
25.Thefirm’smarginalcostcurveisalsoitsshort-runsupplycurve.
26.Thedifferencebetweenaccountingprofitandeconomicprofitisintreatmentofimplicitcosts.
27.Alongthedemandcurve,pricemeasuresthevalueofthemarginalutilityderivedfromthelastunitofconsumption.
28.Ifdemandforagoodispriceelastic,theproducercanincreasetotalrevenuebyloweringthepriceofthegood.
29.Anincreaseinthepriceofarequiredresoursewillcauseachangeinquantitydemandedofthegoodproducedwithit.
30.Anaturalmonopolyexistswhenonefirmcontrolsallofanaturalresource.
definitionofconcepts
1.naturalmonopoly:
amonopolythatarisesbecauseasinglefirmcansupplyagoodorservicetoanentiremarketatasmallercostthancouldtwoormorefirms.
2.monopoly:
afirmthatisthesolesellerofaproductwithoutclosesubstitutes.
3.pricediscrimination:
thebusinesspracticeofsellingthesamegoodatdifferentpricestodifferentcustomers.
3.Perfect(FirstDegree)pricediscriminationdescribesasituationwhereamonopolistknowsexactlythewillingnesstopayofeachcustomerandcanchargeeachcustomeradifferentprice.
4.Second-degreepricediscriminationispricingaccordingtoquantityconsumed--orinblocks.
5.Third-degreepricediscriminationisfeasiblewhenthesellercanseparatehis/hermarketintoroupswhohavedifferentpriceelasticitiesofdemand(e.g.businessairtravelersversusvacationairtravelers)
6.oligopoly:
amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewsellersoffersimilaroridenticalproducts.
7.monopolisticcompetition:
amarketstructureinwhichmanyfirmssellproductsthataresimilarbutnotidentical.
8.Nashequilibrium:
asituationinwhicheconomicactorsinteractingwithoneanothereachchoosetheirbeststrategygiventhestrategiesthatalltheotheractorshavechosen.
9.gametheory:
thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituations.
10.prisoners’dilemma:
aparticular"game"betweentwocapturedprisonersthatillustrateswhycooperationisdifficulttomaintainevenwhenitismutuallybeneficial.
11.dominantstrategy:
astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayers.
12.competitivemarket:
amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker.
13.marginalrevenue:
thechangeintotalrevenuefromanadditionalunitsold.
14.Ashutdownreferstotheshort-rundecisionnottoproduceanythingduringaspecifiedperiodoftimebecauseofcurrentmarketconditions.
15.Exitreferstoalong-rundecisiontoleavethemarket.
Oneimportantdifferenceisthat,whenafirmshutsdowntemporarily,itstillmustpayfixedcosts.Ifafirmshutsdown,itwillearnnorevenueandwillhaveonlyfixedcosts(novariablecosts).Therefore,afirmwillshutdowniftherevenuethatitwouldgetfromproducingislessthanitsvariablecostsofproduction:
ShutdownifP 16.sunkcost: acostthathasbeencommittedandcannotberecovered. 17.explicitcosts: inputcoststhatrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm. 18.implicitcosts: inputcoststhatdonotrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm. 19.economicprofit: totalrevenueminustotalcost,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcosts. 20.accountingprofit: totalrevenueminustotalexplicitcost. Ifimplicitcostsaregreaterthanzero,accountingprofitwillalwaysexceedeconomicprofit. 21.productionfunction: therelationshipbetweenquantityofinputsusedtomakeagoodandthequantityofoutputofthatgood. 22.marginalproduct: theincreaseinoutputthatarisesfromanadditionalunitofinput. Astheamountoflaborusedincreases,themarginalproductoflaborfalls. 23.diminishingmarginalproduct: thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases. 24.marginalcost: theincreaseintotalcostthatarisesfromanextraunitofproduction. 25.efficientscale: thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcost. 26.economiesofscale: thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreases. 27.diseconomiesofscale: thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreases. 28.constantreturnstoscale: thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchanges. 29.excludability: thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit. 30.rivalry: thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse. 31.privategoods: goodsthatarebothexcludableandrival. 32.publi
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