布兰查德宏观经济学答案.docx
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布兰查德宏观经济学答案.docx
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布兰查德宏观经济学答案
AnswerstoEnd-of-Chapter
QuestionsandProblems
Chapter1
1.a.True.b.True.c.False.d.True.e.False.f.False.
2.a.1960-981997-99
----------
---------
US
3.1%
3.8%
EU
3.1%
2.5%
Japan
5.8%
-1.0%
WhiletheUSgrowthratehigherthanitslong-runaverageovertheperiod,thegrowthratehas
slowedrelativetolong-runaveragesinboththeEUandJapanoverthelastfewyears.
b.Sometimestheeconomyisgrowingquickly,othertimesitisgrowingslowlyorevencontracting.ThelastfewyearsofrapidgrowthintheUSdonotimplythatthelong-runaveragerateofgrowthhasincreasedbacktoitspre-1974level.
3.a.Thedatainthewebpageare:
RealGrossDomesticProduct,
RealFinalSalesofDomesticProduct,and
RealGrossNationalProduct,Quarterly,1959-96
[Percentchangefromprecedingquarter]
--------------------------------------------------------
Gross
Finalsales
Gross
domestic
ofdomestic
national
product
product
product
--------------------------------------------------------
1959:
I8.69.28.6
II
11.2
7.3
11.1
III
-0.3
5.3
-0.2
IV
1.7
-1.3
1.9
1996:
I1.82.61.8
II
6.0
5.2
5.7
III
1.0
0.2
0.6
IV
4.3
4.5
4.9
--------------------------------------------------------
165
suggestingthatrecessionstypicallylasttwo-threequartersandthatthemostsevererecessionsinthatperiodweretherecessionsof1974-75and1981-82.
b.PercentageChangesin:
OutputGrowthInflation
1968:
4.74.4
I
7.5
4.7
II
7.1
4.1
III
3.0
3.8
IV
1.8
5.5
1969:
3.04.7
I
6.2
3.8
II
1.0
5.0
III
2.3
5.8
IV
-2.0
5.1
1970:
0.15.3
I
-0.7
6.0
II
0.6
5.7
III
3.7
3.4
IV
-3.9
5.4
1971:
3.35.2
I
11.3
6.4
II
2.3
5.5
III
2.6
4.4
IV
1.1
3.3
Ifhistorysimplyrepeatsitself,theUnitedStatesmighthaveashortrecession(lastingperhapsone
year)accompaniedbyanaccelerationintherateofinflationbyaboutonepercentagepoint.
4.a.Bankingservices,businessservices.
b.Notonlyhastherelativedemandforskilledworkersincreasedbuttheindustrieswherethiseffectisthestrongestaremakingupagreaterfractionoftheeconomy.
5.1.Lowunemploymentmightleadtoanincreaseininflation.
2.Althoughmeasurementerrorcertainlycontributestothemeasuredslowdowningrowth,thereareotherissuestoconsideraswell,includingtheproductivityofnewresearchandaccumulationofnewcapital.
3.Althoughlabormarketrigiditiesmaybeimportant,itisalsoimportanttoconsiderthattheserigiditiesmaynotbeexcessive,andthathighunemploymentmayarisefromflawedmacroeconomicpolicies.
4.AlthoughtherewereseriousproblemswithregardtothemanagementofAsianfinancialsystems,itisimportanttoconsiderthepossibilitythattheflightofforeigncapitalfromthese
166
countriesworsenedthesituationbycausingaseverestockmarketcrashandexchangeratedepreciation.
5.AlthoughtheEurowillremoveobstaclestofreetradebetweenEuropeancountries,eachcountrywillbeforcedtogiveupitsownmonetarypolicy.
*6.a.FromChapter1:
USoutput1997=$8b;Chinaoutput1996=$.84b.NotethatChina’soutput
in1997is$(.84)*(1.09)b.Equatingoutputforsometimetinthefuture:
8*(1.03)t=(.84*1.09)*(1.09)t
8/(.84*1.09)=(1.09/1.03)t
8.737=(1.058)t
t=ln(8.737)/ln(1.058)≈38yrs
b.FromChapter1:
USoutput/workerin1997=$29,800;Chinaoutput/perworkerin1996=$700
29.8*(1.03)t=(.7*1.09)*(1.09)t
t≈65years
167
Chapter2
1.a.False.
b.Uncertain:
realornominalGDP.c.True.
d.True.
e.False.TheleveloftheCPImeansnothing.Itsrateofchangetellsusaboutinflation.
f.Uncertain.Whichindexisbetterdependsonwhatwearetryingtomeasure—inflationfaced
byconsumersorbytheeconomyasawhole.
2.a.+$100;PersonalConsumptionExpendituresb.nochange:
intermediategood
c.+$200million;GrossPrivateDomesticFixedInvestmentd.+$200million;NetExports
e.nochange:
thejetwasalreadycountedwhenitwasproduced,i.e.,presumablywhenDelta
(orsomeotherairline)boughtitnewasaninvestment.
*3.a.MeasuredGDPincreasesby$10+$12=$22.
b.TrueGDPshouldincreasebymuchlessthan$22becausebyworkingforanextrahour,
youarenolongerproducingtheworkofcookingwithinthehouse.Sincecookingwithinthehouseisafinalservice,itshouldcountaspartofGDP.Unfortunately,itishardtomeasurethevalueofworkwithinthehome,whichiswhymeasuredGDPdoesnotincludeit.
4.a.$1,000,000thevalueofthesilvernecklaces.
b.1stStage:
$300,000.2ndStage:
$1,000,00-$300,000=$700,000.GDP:
$300,000+$700,000=$1,000,000.
c.Wages:
$200,000+$250,000=$450,000.
Profits:
($300,000-$200,000)+($1,000,000-$250,000-300,000)
=$100,000+$450,000=$550,000.GDP:
$450,000+$550,000=$1,000,000.
5.a.1998GDP:
10*$2,000+4*$1,000+1000*$1=$25,000
1999GDP:
12*$3,000+6*$500+1000*$1=$40,000
NominalGDPhasincreasedby60%.
b.1998real(1998)GDP:
$25,000
1999real(1998)GDP:
12*$2,000+6*$1,000+1000*$1=$31,000
Real(1998)GDPhasincreasedby24%.
c.1998real(1999)GDP:
10*$3,000+4*$500+1,000*$1=$33,000
1999real(1999)GDP:
$40,000.
Real(1999)GDPhasincreasedby21.2%.d.True.
168
6.a.1998baseyear:
Deflator(1998)=1;Deflator(1999)=$40,000/$31,000=1.29
Inflation=29%
b.1999baseyear:
Deflator(1998)=$25,000/$33,000=0.76;Deflator(1999)=1
Inflation=(1-0.76)/0.76=.32=32%
c.Yes
7.a.1998realGDP=10*$2,500+4*$750+1000*$1=$29,000
1999realGDP=12*$2,500+6*$750+1000*$1=$35,500
b.(35,500-29,000)/29,000=.224=22.4%
c.Deflatorin1998=$25,000/$29,000=.86
Deflatorin1999=$40,000/$35,500=1.13
Inflation=(1.13-.86)/.86=.314=31.4%.
8.a.Thequalityofaroutinecheckupimprovesovertime.CheckupsnowmayincludeEKGs,forexample.Medicalservicesareparticularlyaffectedbythisproblemduetoconstant
improvementsinmedicaltechnology.
b.Youneedtoknowhowthemarketvaluespregnancycheckupswithandwithoutultra-sounds
inthatyear.
c.Thisinformationisnotavailablesincealldoctorsadoptedthenewtechnologysimultaneously.Still,youcantellthatthequalityadjustedincreasewillbelowerthan20%.
*9.a.approximately2.5%
b.1992realGDPgrowth:
2.7%;
unemploymentrateJan92:
7.3%;unemploymentrateJan93:
7.3%
SupportsOkun'slawbecausetheunemploymentratedoesnotchangewhenthegrowthrateofrealGDPisnear2.5%
c.-2percentagepointschangeintheunemploymentrate;5percentGDPgrowth
d.ThegrowthrateofGDPmustincreaseby2.5percentagepoints.
169
Chapter3
1.a.True.
b.False.Governmentspendingwas18%ifGDPwithouttransfers.
c.False.Thepropensitytoconsumemustbelessthanoneforourmodeltobewelldefined.
d.True.e.False.
f.False.Theincreaseinoutputisonetimesthemultiplier.
2.a.Y=160+0.6*(Y-100)+150+150
0.4Y=460-60
Y=1000
b.YD=Y-T=1000-100=900
c.C=160+0.6*(900)=700
3.a.No.Thegoodsmarketisnotinequilibrium.Frompart2a,Demand=1000=C+I+G=700+150+150
b.Yes.Thegoodsmarketisinequilibrium.
c.No.Privatesaving=Y-C-T=200.Publicsaving=T-G=-50.Nationalsaving(orinshort,saving)equalsprivatepluspublicsaving,or150.Nationalsavingequalsinvestment.
4.a.Roughlyconsistent.C/Y=700/1000=70%;I/Y=G/Y=150/1000=15%.
b.Approximately-2%.
c.Yneedstofallby2%,orfrom1000to980.Theparameterc0needstofallby20/multiplier,
orby20*(.4)=8.Soc0needstofallfrom160to152.
d.Thechangeinc0(-8)islessthanthechangeinGDP(-20)duetothemultiplier.
5.a.Yincreasesby1/(1-c1)
b.Ydecreasesbyc1/(1-c1)
c.Theanswersdifferbecausespendingaffectsdemanddirectly,buttaxesaffectdemandthroughconsumption,andthepropensitytoconsumeislessthanone.
d.ThechangeinYequals1/(1-c1)-c1/(1-c1)=1.BalancedbudgetchangesinGandTarenotmacroeconomicallyneutral.
e.Thepropensitytoconsumehasnoeffectbecausethebalancedbudgettaxincreaseaborts
170
themultiplierprocess.YandTbothincreasebyonunit,sodisposableincome,andhenceconsumption,donotchange.
*6.a.Thetaxrateislessthanone.b.Y=c0+c1YD+I+Gimplies
Y=[1/(1-c1+c1t1)]*[c0-c1t0+I+G]
c.Themultiplier=1/(1-c1+c1t1)<1/(1-c1),sotheeconomyrespondslesstochangesinautonomousspendingwhent1ispositive.
d.Becauseoftheautomaticeffectoftaxesontheeconomy,theeconomyrespondslesstochangesinautonomousspendingthaninthecasewheretaxesareindependentofincome.Sooutputtendstovaryless,andfiscalpolicyiscalledanautomaticstabilizer.
*7.a.Y=[1/(1-c1+c1t1)]*[c0-c1t0+I+G]
b.T=c1t0+t1*[1/(1-c1+c1t1)]*[c0-c1t0+I+G]
c.BothYandTdecrease.
d.IfGiscut,Ydecreasesevenmore.
171
Chapter4
1.a.True.b.False.c.True.d.True.e.False.f.False.g.True.
2.a.i=0.05:
Moneydemand=$18,000;Bonddemand=$32,000
i=.1:
Moneydemand=$15,000;Bonddemand=$35,000
b.Moneydemanddecreaseswhentheinterestrateincreases;bonddemandincreases.Thisisconsistentwiththetext.
c.Thedemandformoneyfallsby50%.d.Thedemandformoneyfallsby50%.
e.A1%increase(decrease)inincomeleadstoa1%increase(decrease)inmoneydemand.Thiseffectisindependentoftheinterestrate.
3.a.i=100/$PB–1;i=33%;18%;5%when$PB=$75;$85;$95.
b.Negative.
c.$PB=100/(1.08)≈$93
4.a.$20=MD=$100*(.25-i)
i=5%
b.M=$100*(.25-.15)M=$10
5.a.BD=50,000-60,000(.35-i)
Anincreaseintheinterestrateof10%increasesbonddemand$6,000.
b.Anincreaseinwealthincreasesbonddemand,buthasnoeffectonmoneydemand.
c.Anincreaseinincomeincreasesmoneydemand,butdecreases
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