应用紫蜂技术将医疗器械一体化外文翻译.docx
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应用紫蜂技术将医疗器械一体化外文翻译.docx
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应用紫蜂技术将医疗器械一体化外文翻译
Proceedingsofthe29thAnnualInternationalConferenceoftheIEEEEMBSCitéInternational,Lyon,FranceAugust23-26,2007.
UsingZigbeetoIntegrateMedicalDevices
PaulFrehill,DesmondChambers,Cosmin Rotariu
Abstract—WirelesslyenablingMedicalDevicessuchasVitalSignsMonitors,VentilatorsandInfusionPumpsallowscentraldatacollection.Thispaperdiscusseshowdatafromthesetypesofdevicescanbeintegratedintohospitalsystemsusingwirelesssensornetworkingtechnology.Byintegratingdevicesyouareprotectinginvestmentandopeningupthepossibilityofnetworkingwithsimilardevices.
InthiscontextwepresenthowZigbeemeetsourrequirementsforbandwidth,power,securityandmobility.Wehaveexaminedthedatathroughputsforvariousmedicaldevices,therequirementofdatafrequency,securityofpatientdataandthelogisticsofmovingpatientswhileconnectedtodevices.
ThepaperdescribesanewtestedarchitecturethatallowsthisdatatobeseamlesslyintegratedintoaUserInterfaceorHealthcareInformationSystem(HIS).Thedesignsupportsthedynamicadditionofnewmedicaldevicestothesystemthatwerepreviouslyunsupportedbythesystem.Toachievethis,thehardwaredesigniskeptgenericandthesoftwareinterfacefordifferenttypesofmedicaldevicesiswelldefined.ThesedevicescanalsosharethewirelessresourceswithothertypesofsensorsbeingdevelopedinconjunctiononthisprojectsuchaswirelessECG(Electrocardiogram)andPulse-Oximetrysensors.
MANYdevicesthatexisttodaybythebedsideinthehospitalward,intensivecareunitorotherclinicalsettinghavedataoutputfeaturesoverserialportsandothertypesofinterfacessuchasUSB.Thesedevicesareusuallyconsideredasignificantinvestmentandareusuallypurchasedinanadhocfashionasrequiredwhenfinancebecomesavailable.Theconsequenceofthisisthatdevicesareoftenfromdifferentmanufacturersthatdon’tsupportanystandardprotocol.Thiscanmakeintegratingthesedevicesintoasinglenetworkdifficult.
InthehospitalwardVitalSignsmonitors,VentilatorsandInfusionPumpsofmanydifferentbrandsareusuallyportableandwheeledfrompatienttopatientasrequired.Bynetworkingthesedevicesthehospitalgainsalltheadvantagesassociatedwithstoringpatientdatacentrallyinelectronicrecords.BymakingthedevicepartofawirelesssensornetworksuchasaZigbee[1]networkthereareseveralmoreadvantagesincluding,cablereplacement,mobilityandlocationmanagement.Oncethesedevicesarenetworkedtheycanalsousetheinfrastructureofotherdeploymentsofsimilarwirelesssensornetworksinthesurroundingenvironment.
Toachievethistypeofsolutioneachdevicemustbefittedwithapieceofhardwarethatwillactasaserialtowirelessbridge,aMedicalDeviceInterface(MDI).ThisMDIwillallowthedevicetoreceiveandtransmitdatawithinthewirelesssensornetwork.Thisinexpensivehardwarewillbegenerictofitawiderangeofmedicaldevices.Similarlythefirmwarecanbekeptgenericandanyspecificdevicecommunicationprotocolscanbeimplementedonaserveronthenetworkbackend.
Theworkdescribedinthispaperispartofalargerproject,thegoalofwhichistoprovideacompletepatientmonitoringsystem.OtherfeaturesoftheoverallsystemwillbetoprovideECG(Electrocardiogram)andPulse-Oximetrydatainanovelwayoverawirelesssensornetworkusingexpertisegainedonpriorprojects[2].
RELATEDWORK
TheconceptofusingwirelesssensornetworksforMedicalCareandwirelesspatientmonitoringhasbeenexploredbyothersbutintegratingdatafromotherdevicesisgenerallynotdiscussed.Thereisongoingrelatedworkinpatientmonitoringusingwirelesssensorssuchasthe“CodeBlue”projectatHarvard[3].Othershavealsoprovensuccessfulwithwirelesssensornetworksdesignsformedicalsensors[4]andinthemanagementofsensordata[5].IthasbeenidentifiedthatitisdesirabletowirelesslyenableexistingmedicaldevicesthatprovidevitalsignsdatausingtechnologiessuchasZigbee[6],[7].Theresearchdescribedinthispaperaspirestomeettheserequirements.Theuseofwirelesssensornetworkswithinthehospitalhasbeenextensivelyexamined.Moreover,otherwirelesstechnologieswithinthesamefrequencyband,suchasIEEE802.11[8],haveexistedwithinthehospitalforsometime[9].
III.REQUIREMENTSANALYSIS
WirelessTechnologies
Establishedstandardsforwirelessapplications,suchasBluetooth[10]andIEEE802.11,allowhightransmissionrates,butattheexpenseofpowerconsumption,applicationcomplexity,andcost.Zigbeeofferslowcost,lowpowerdevicesthatcancommunicatewitheachotherandtheoutsideworld.ZigBee'sself-formingandself-healingmesh-networkarchitectureletsdataandcontrolmessagespassfromonenodetoanotherbymultiplepaths.Thisisparticularlyusefulinahospitalenvironmentwhereinterferencefromwalls,peopleandgeneralobstaclesisamajorissue.ZigbeeisbasedupontheIEEEstandard802.15.4[11]forradiohardwareandsoftwarespecification.
Mobility
Zigbeeenableddevicessupportasleepmode.Anoff-linenodecanconnecttoanetworkinabout30ms.Wakingupasleepingnodetakesabout15ms,asdoesaccessingachannelandtransmittingdata.Iftherequirementistocollectdataonceaminutethedevicecanbeplacedinapowersavingmodesavingsignificantamountsofenergyandincreasingthebatterylife.InsleepmodeaZigbeechipcanassumeaslittleas1.0uA[12].Thisisparticularlyimportantinamedicalsettingwherepatientsareoftenonthemovewhilestillattachedtomedicaldevices.
Co-existence
BothZigbeeandIEEE802.11operateinthelicense-freeindustrialscientificmedical(ISM)2.4GHzfrequencyband.IEEE802.11isalreadyinwidespreadusewithinhospitalswhichwouldencouragetheadoptionofZigbeesolutionsinthesameenvironment.Howevercarehastobetakentoavoidinterferencebetweenthese2neighbouringtechnologiesasdescribedinthepaperentitled“CoexistanceofIEEE802.15.4withothersystemsinthe2.4GHz-ISM-band”[13].Byselectinganappropriatechannel,afterperformingasimplesitesurvey,theseproblemscanbeeasilyavoided.
DeviceParameters
TypicalreadingsavailableonaventilatorareInspiratoryTidalVolume,ExpiratoryTidalVolume,O2concentration,RespiratoryRate,PeakPressure,ExpiredMinuteVolumeandMeanAirwayPressure.Thesettingsontheventilatorarealsoofinteresttomedicalstaff.Themosttypicalsettingswe’vechosenareInspiratoryTidalVolume,MinuteVolume,O2Concentration,I:
ERatio,BreathDurationandInspiratoryFlow.
SimilarlywehavechosensomecommonparametersforVitalSignsMonitors.TheseareRespiratoryRate,NonInvasiveBloodPressure,SPO2andTemperature.ThethirddeviceweselectedparametersforistheUnfusionPump.ThecommonparameterswearemostinterestedinhereareVolume,Time,RampandOcclusionPressure.Furtherparameterscanbeeasilyaddedtothesysteminthefuture.
Bandwidth
FordevelopmentpurposesweanalysisaMaquetServo-I[14]whichsupportsalltheventilatorparametersdescribedabove.Thisventilatorworksinacommandresponsemanner.Wheninitialconfigurationhastakenplace2commandswhichare7byteslongeachwillproduce2responsesof67byteseach.Thereforeeveninamultihopmeshnetworkitisanticipatedwewouldbeabletosupportseveralofthesedevicesplusothertypesofdevicesonthesame802.15.4channel.Scalability
Theventilator,havingthemostparametersofthedevicesstudied,requiresthemostbandwidth.ExperimentscarriedoutonaCSIVitalSignsMonitor[15]showthat44bytesofdatawillproducealltheinformationweareinterestedin.ABraunInfusionPump[16]exports24bytesofdatatoproducethe4parametersweneed.Foranyofthemedicaldevicesweareconcernedwith,thereadingsaretypicallyonlyrequiredonceaminuteinahospitalenvironment.Allthesedeviceshavetheirownalarmmechanismsbuiltin;wearepurelyprovidingameansofexportingthedataautomatically.TheoreticallyasingleZigbeenetworkcouldhaveaboveandbeyond600Ventilatorsaseachdeviceonlyrequireslessthan1KBofbandwidthperminute.Thefrequencyatwhichwecapturethedataisdecideduponbytheclinicalstaffthemselves.A1minuteintervalisatypicalvalue,howevereveniftheyweretorequirethedataeveryfewsecondsitisclearthenetworkcouldstillsupportalargenumberofdevices.IV.SYSTEMARCHITECTUREA.High-LevelArchitectureTheoverallSystemArchitectureconsistsofaWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork(WPAN)andaLocalAreaNetwork.TheWPANimplementedasaZigbeenetworkcommunicateswiththeLANviaagateway.ThisgatewayalsoservesastheWPANcoordinatorwhichisresponsibleforformingthenetwork.EachmedicaldevicehasaZigbeenodeattached(MDI)whichenablesdatatobetransmittedwirelesslytotheGatewayandthenontoaServerexistingontheLAN.SeeFig.1belowforagraphicalrepresentationofthis.WhenanMDIispoweredonitautomaticallyjoinsthenetworkandmakesitselfknowntotheServer.AusercanthenassociatethisdevicewithapatientusingaGUIclient.OnceanassociationhasbeencompletedtheMDIwillbenotifiedtobegintransmittingdata.DatareceivedbytheserverwillbestoredintheElectronicHealthRecord(EHR)forthatpatientanddisplayedonanyGUIClientthatissubscribed.
Figure1.High-LevelArchitecture
B.MedicalDeviceInterface
ThediagraminFig.2belowshowsthekeycomponentsoftheMDI.ThehardwarecomprisesofaZigbeemodule,amicrocontrollerandanRS232Interface.ThemicrocontrollerisresponsibleforinterfacingwithboththeRS
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